चीनले पेट्रोल र ग्यासको व्यापारका लागि लागि शुल्क यातायात
चीनले पेट्रोल र ग्यासको व्यापारका लागि लागि शुल्क यातायात तथा अन्य प्रविधिबारे विस्तृतमा अध्ययन गर्न नेपाललाई सुझाब दिएको छ । नेपालबाट सोबारे अध्ययन गर्न आयल नियमका दुई अधिकारी शुक्रबारै बेइजिङ आइपुगेका छन् । त्यस्तै, चीनले उपहारस्वरूप नेपालको उत्तरी क्षेत्रलाई थप इन्धन उपलब्ध गराउने भएको छ । चीन र नेपालको उच्चस्तरीय तहमा पेट्रोल र ग्यासमा दीर्घकालीन व्यापार गर्ने सहमतिसँगै चीनबाट इन्धन भित्रिने पक्का भएको छ ।
भारत र चीनबीच नेपाल हुनु फाइदामूलक
उनले भारत र चीनको बीचमा रहेको नेपालको भौगोलिक अवस्थितिको बेफाइदाभन्दा फाइदा बढी भएको पनि बताए । ‘यी दुवै देशको बीचमा हुनु नेपालको फाइदाको विषय हो,’ उनले भने, ‘६० वर्ष पुगेको छ, अब हामीले हाम्रो सम्बन्धलाई अझ मजबुत बनाउने प्रयास गर्नुपर्छ ।’ नेपालमा चीन र भारतको प्रतिस्पर्धा भइरहेको भन्ने प्रश्नमा विदेशमन्त्री वाङले चीन र भारत आपसी हितका लागि दुवै देशले सहकार्य गरिरहेको बताए । आजको नयाँ पत्रिका दैनिकमा खबर छ ।
तीन देशबीच ‘विन–विन’को अवस्था हुने गरी सहकार्य
चिनियाँ विदेशमन्त्री वाङले नेपाल भारत र चीन हिमाल र नदीले जोडिएका र प्राकृतिक रूपमै विकासको साझा साझेदार भएको उल्लेख गर्दै तीन देशले ‘विन–विन’को अवस्था हुने गरी सहकार्य गर्नुपर्ने बताए । ‘चीनले सधैँ आकार जे भए पनि देश बराबर हुने विषयमा एड्भोकेसी गर्दै आएको छ । अर्काे मुलुकलाई सधैँ बराबरको व्यवहार गर्छ । यसमा भारतको पनि त्यही नीति र प्राक्टिस रहँदै आएको हाम्रो विश्वास छ,’ उनले अगाडि भनेका छन् ।
पेट्रोलको लाइनमा बस्न गएका दुईको मृत्यु
काठमाडौं, ११ पुस । पोखरामा पेट्रोलको लाइनमा बस्न गएका दुई जनाको दुर्घटनामा परी शुक्रबार बिहान मृत्यु भएको छ । मृत्यु हुनेमा पोखरा–१ञ्६ बाटुलेचौरका सुशील कार्की र विवेक खवास रहेका छन् । उनीहरु चढेको मोटरसाइकल पोखरा–१ सिम्पानिस्थित लामपाटनको सडकमा पार्किङ गरिराखेको ट्याक्टरमा ठोक्किएको थियो । एकजनाको घटनास्थलमै र अर्का एकको उपचारको लागि लैजाने क्रममा बाटोमा मृत्यु भएको प्रत्यक्षदर्शीले बताएका छन् ।
टेलिकमको ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर सुविधा नयाँ तरिकासहित फेरी सुरु, यसरी गरौं ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर
नेपाल टेलिकमले केही समयको अन्त्रालपछि पुनः ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर सुविधा सुरु गरेको हो । यसअघि प्राविधिक समस्याका कारण रोकिएको यो सुविधा टेलिकमले पुनः सुरु गरेको हो । ग्राहकहरुको सुविधालाई मध्यनजर गर्दै सेवा पुनः सुरु गरिएको टेलिकमका सहप्रवक्ता डिल्लीराम अधिकारीले जानकारी दिए । उनका अनुसार अब ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर गर्दा पैसाको ठाउँमा सिधै पैयाँ लेखे पुग्नेछ । यसअघि १० रुपैयाँ ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर गर्दा १००० पैसा लेख्नुपर्ने भएपनि अब १० रुपैयाँ ट्रान्सफर गर्दा १० मात्रै लेखे पुग्नेछ । एक पटकमा १० देखि १ सय रुपैयाँसम्म र एक दिनमा ५ पटकसम्म एउटा नम्बरबाट ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर गर्न सकिने टेलिकमले जनाएको छ । ब्यालेन्स ट्रान्सफर गर्नका लागि *422*security code no*phone no* Rs# डायल गर्न सकिनेछ ।
फेसबुकमा यो पोष्ट शेयर गरेबापत ४.५ मिलियन डलर पाउने
Thesis for Master Degree (थेसिस नेपालीमा)
;+:yfut
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5f]/f ;Gb]z >]i7 ;fy} alxgL nIdL >]i7nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
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b]lvG5 . h;af6 ;+:yfsf] nf]slk|otf cem} a9]/ hfg] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu k|frfo{n]
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs sd{rf/L, ljb\ofyL{, z]o/ ;b:o cflb kIf;Fu lgoldt
;/;Nnfx / ;Dafb u/Lg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L
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tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cj:yf @!
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$=@=$ ljb\ofyL{ dfem k|frfo{sf] k|efj #!
$=@=% ljb\ofyL{ egf{df k/]sf] k|efj #@
$=@=^ lzIfsdf k/]sf] k|efj #@
$=@=& glthfdf b]lvPsf] k|efj ##
$=@=*
sIff ;~rfngdf k/]sf] k|efj #$
$=#
k|frfo{n] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj k|bfg ubf{ ;fdfgf u/]sf ;d:ofx? #%
$=#=! cfly{s
;d:of #%
$=#=@
k|zf;lgs ;d:of #%
$=#=#
ef}lts ;d:of #^
$=#=$
egf{df ;d:of #^
$=#=%
lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of #&
$=$
cfly{s Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj k|bfg ubf{ ;fdgf u/]sf
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? #*
$=$=!
cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg #*
$=$=@
k|zf;lgs ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? #*
$=$=#
ef}lts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? #(
$=$=$
cleefjsx?df lzIff ;DaGwL r]tgf j[l4 u/fpg] pkfox? #(
$=$=%
lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? $)
kl/R5]b kfFr M k|flKt, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx? $@ – %)
%=!
k|flKt
%=@
lgisif{ $$
%=#
;'emfjx? $^
%=#=!
s]Gb|Lo tx $^
%=#=@
sfof{Gjog tx $&
%=#=#
cg';Gwfg tx $(
;Gbe{ ;"rL
cg';"rL
;ª\lIfKt
zAbfjnLsf] ;"rL
lj=;+= M ljqmd ;Djt\
P;=Pn=;L= M ljb\ofno
5f8]sf] k|df0fkq
k|=c= M k|wfgfWofks
uf=lj=;= M ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
e"=k"=
M e"t
k"j{
lj=Jo=;= M ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
p=df=lj= M pRr
dfWolds ljb\ofno
df=lj= M dfWolds
ljb\ofno
lj=lg= M ljb\ofno
lg/LIfs
g]=h'=/]=;= M g]kfn
h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n
kl/R5]b
Ps M kl/ro
!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
/f0ffsfnsf] clGtd r/0flt/ lj=;= !((^ df ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] klg ljb\ofno
vf]Ng kfpg] Ol:txf/ ag]sf] kfO{G5 . o; Ol:txf/kl5 g]kfndf ;/sf/L / lghL
k|s/0fsf ljb\ofnox? v'Ng yfn] . To;a]nf x]8df:6/ kl08tsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 .
lj=;= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu klg ljb\ofno
v'nf ul/of] t}klg z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] cefjn] lzIffdf u'0ffTds ljsf; ePsf] b]lvb}g
. h'g s'/f o; kl5sf cfof]ux? @)!! b]lv xfn;Ddsf k|ltj]bgx?n] b]vfPsf ;d:ofx?
tyf ;'emfjx?af6 k|i6 x'G5 . o;/L xfn g]kfndf tLg k|sf/sf ljb\ofno cEof;sf qmddf
5g\ .
s_ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno
v_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofno
u_ u'7L ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt ljb\ofno
;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos÷;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksn]
ug{'kg]{ z}lIfs, cfly{s, ef}lts Joj:yfkg nufot k|zf;g, lg/LIf0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f
ljb\ofno ;d'bfo tyf cleefjs ;DaGw h:tf z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/sf Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L 9+un]
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfndf lj=;= !(() ;fnb]lv P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] ;'?jft ePsf]
lyof] . ljb\ofno txsf] lzIffsf] clGtd v'8\lsnf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffnfO{ lnOPsf] /
;f] sf] glthf / pknAwLtkm{ /fHosf] k|fyldstf / hg;d'bfosf] rf;f] /x]sf] b]lvG5
. z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ k|j]lzsf k/LIffnfO{ g} lnOPsf] / ljb\ofnosf]
k|fylds tx / lgDg dfWolds txtkm{ sd rf;f] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs
/ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] glthfnfO{ x]bf{ klg ;/sf/n] lzIffdf nufgL u/]cg';f/sf]
pknAwL xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] / ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] glthf ;fd'bflossf]
t'ngfdf /fd|f] b]lvPsfn] ;fy} ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf eGbf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofyL{sf]
rfk klg la:tf/} a9\b} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf / ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] t'ngfdf Joj:yfksLo
kIf /fd|f] b]lvPsfn] ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] k|wfgfWogkssf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf
k|efjsf/L geP/ xf] sL eGg] lh1f;f /xg' c;fGble{s x'g] 5}g cyjf ;+:yfks
ljb\ofnon] /fd|f] k|utL ug{df ToxfFsf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo z}lIf0fs z}nL s],
s:tf], s;/L sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L
ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem uxg / dha't
agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofno k"0f{ ?kn]
;d'bfosf] lgu/fgL k|frfo{sf] lgb]{zg, ;+u7g / Joj:yfkgdf rn]sf] kfO{G5 .
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf ;d'bfodf ePsf] x'G5 . ljb\ofnodf u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff ;d'bfon] /fv]sf] x'G5 . z}lIfs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu
;/sf/n] dfq nufgL gu/L ;d'bfon] klg k|ToIf ?kdf nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/L
kIfaf6 dfq geO{ jt{dfg ;dodf :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o, u}x| ;/sf/L
;+3;:yfx? ;d]tn] ljb\ofnosf] ;'wf/sf] nflu lgs} 7"nf] nufgL ul//x]sf] cj:yf
5 . k|lt ljb\ofyL{sf] nfut cg'bfgdf ;d]t pNn]Vo j[l4 ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ Pj+ ljb\ofnosf] cfGtl/s, afXo jftfj/0f /fd|f] agfpgsf] nflu
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf cleefjsx? lgs} cufl8 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;sf] kl/df0f:j?k
;+:yfut ljb\ofnon] lgs} k|ult u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofno /fd|f] /
o;n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{df ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] lgu/fgL Pj+ rf;f] klg /xg'
;fy} ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{nfO{ ;d'bfon] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, lzIfs Joj:yfkg, cfly{s,
ef}lts ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] k"0f{ ?kdf lhDdf lbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg ;+:yfks
ljb\ofnon] k|ult u/]sf] cj:yf /xg'sf] ;fy ;fy} oL ;a} kIfnfO{ ldnfP/ cufl8
a9fpg ;Sg' ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj z}nLsf] cWoog ug{'
lh1f;fsf] ljifo x'g uO{ o;nfO{ k"/f ug{ tkm{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
|
2
|
g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ljb\ofno txsf] clGtd v'8\lsnf] k|j]lzsf k/LIff h;nfO{ hglha|f]df …kmnfd]
9f]sfÚ eg]/ lrlgG5 . o;n] k|fKt ug]{ glthfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf]
s;Lsf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ljut s]xL jif{sf] k|j]lzsf k/LIffsf] glthfnfO{
cWoog ubf{ ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno / ;+:yfut ljb\ofnsf] glthf ljj/0f tflnsf o;k|sf/
/x]sf] 5 M
|
qm=;=
|
jif{
|
;fd'bflos
|
;+:yfut
|
s}lkmot
|
|
!
|
@)^)
|
$)=^)
|
*@=(!
|
|
|
@
|
@)^!
|
##=##
|
*!=*#
|
|
|
#
|
@)^@
|
$!=@&
|
*^=!@
|
|
|
$
|
@)^#
|
%^=#*
|
()=&%
|
|
|
%
|
@)^$
|
^!=%&
|
*(=*(
|
|
|
^
|
@)^%
|
^#=^#
|
()=*#
|
|
|
&
|
@)^^
|
%)=)&
|
()=#$
|
|
pk/f]Qm tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] glthf ;Gtf]ifhgs
b]lvG5 . To;sf/0fn] klg ;+:yfut ljb\ofnok|lt cleefjssf] rf;f] Pj+ cfs{if0f al9/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . jt{dfg ;do eg]sf] lj1fg Pj+ k|ljlwsf] ;do xf] . o; ;dodf x/]s
cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ :t/Lo lzIff lbg rfxg'sf ;fy} cfˆgf afnaRrfsf] k"0f{ ?kdf ;'/Iff ePsf] b]Vg rfxG5 . oL
;a} kIfnfO{ Joj:yfkgn] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . Joj:yfkg sfo{ ljleGg JolQmx?af6 ug]{
u/fpg] ul/Ptf klg ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L k|frfo{sf]
xf] . h;df k|frfo{sf] cu|0fL / g]t[TjbfoL Joj:yfksLo z}nLn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;+:yfut ljb\ofnon] glthf /fd|f] Nofpg]
;fy ;fy} cleefjssf] rf;f] klg a9L /xg] / ljb\ofyL{x?df klg cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Lsf]
af]w a9L x'g] ;/;kmfO{ nufot x/]s kIfdf r':t b'?:t x'g] oL ;a} lqmofsnfk cufl8
a9\gdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ d'Vo sf/s tTj dfgL zf]wfyL{4f/f ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tj z}nL eGg] zLif{snfO{ 5gf]6 u/L zf]w
sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fO{Psf] lyof] .
!=# cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
|
3
|
j}1flgs / cfw'lgs k|lt:kwL{ lzIffsf]
;+VofTds j[l4sf] cnjf u'0ffTds ljsf; clt cfjZos x'g] s'/f ;flat eO{;s]sf] 5 .
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff gePdf ;dfh /fi6« / JolQmsf] nufgLdf k|Zg lrGx v8f x'G5 .
u'0f:t/Lo / pknAwLd"ns lzIffsf] ljsf; x'gsf nflu ljb\ofnodf x'g] z}Ifl0fs
lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L x'g' kb{5 . ;fd'bflos÷;fj{hlgs ljb\ofnosf] t'ngfdf ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnotkm{ hgcfsfª\Iff al9/x]sf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf oL ljb\ofnox?df z}Ifl0fs
Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsf ;Gtf]ifhgs gkfOPdf cfjZos
;'emfj ;d]t lbOg] x'Fbf pQm If]qsf] nflu of] cWoogsf] cf}lrTo a9L g} /xg]5 .
k|frfo{ kbnfO{ Joj:yfks, ljb\ofno k|zf;g, ;Ifd g]t[Tjbfossf] ?kdf ;'b[9 ug{
g;lsPsf] Pj+ k|=c= sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ gfd dfqsf] /x]sf] sf/0faf6 ck]lIft
e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g g;s]sf] s'/f pRr :t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg
@)%% n] cf}NofO{ lbPsf] ;Gbe{df klg k|:t't cWoogaf6 sf/0fsf] vf]hLgLlt ug]{
cfwf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljb\ofnosf] d'6' k|frfo{ ePsfn]
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . u|fdL0f e]usf
;fd'bflos÷;/sf/L ljb\ofnosf] t'ngfdf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf cfly{s / ef}lts >f]t
;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg Jojl:yt x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf /
s'zntfdf ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs:t/ pRr /xFbf /xFb} klg sd{rf/L Pj+ lzIfs
Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf / s'zntfdf ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs :t/df ;'wf/
ug{ 6]jf ldNg] x'Fbf of] cWoog cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g]5 .
!=$ cWoogsf] p2]Zo
cWoogsf] p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf 5g\ M
s_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] g]t[Tj z}nL cWoog ug{' .
v_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] g]t[Tjz}nLsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{' .
u_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] ;d:of kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox? k]z ug{' .
!=% cg';GwfgfTds k|Zgx?
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf]
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL cWoog zLif{ssf nflu lgDg lnlvt zf]w k|Zgx? /x]sf
5g\ M
s_ ;+:yfut ljb\ufnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] g]t[Tjz}nL s:tf] 5 ,
v_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf]
g]t[Tjz}nLsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f s:tf] 5 ,
u_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf]
;d:of kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox? s]–s] x'g\ ,
3_ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? s]–s] x'g ;S5g\ ,
!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf
|
4
|
u08sL c~rn tgx'F lhNnf alGbk'/
gu/kflnsf / 3fFl;s'jf uf=lj=;= leq ;~rflnt ;+:yfut ljb\ofnox? / To; ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?;Fu o; cWoog ;Lldt /xg]5 . tYofÍsf] k|fylds >f]t cGt/jftf{,
k|ZgfjnL lgdf0f{ cjnf]sg / låtLo >f]t Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwL k':ts,
kqklqsf, n]v /rgf, ljb\ofnosf] clen]v, ljb\ofnon] u]/]sf] ljb\ofyL{sf] d'NofÍg
cflb k|of]u x'g]5 . o; cWoogdf ljb\ofno k|zf;g / lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ cleefjssf]
aLrsf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ dfq ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .
!=& d'Vo zAbfjnLsf] kl/efiff
o; cWoogdf k|of]u ul/Psf] d'Vo
zAbfjnLx?sf] cy{ h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
;+:yfut ljb\ofno M g]kfn
;/sf/af6 lgoldt ?kdf cg'bfg gkfpg] t/ cg'dlt jf :jLs[t k|fKt ljb\ofno ;Demg'
kb{5 .
k|frfo{ M ljb\ofnodf
sfo{/t lzIfsdWo] k|zf;lgs k|d'vsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ lzIfs egL a'‰g' kb{5 .
Joj:yfkg M ljb\ofnosf]
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ lgjf{x u/]sf] k|of; tyf Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ hgfFpb5 .
g]t[Tj M z}lIfs
Joj:yfkg ug{ g]t[Tjstf{n] v]Ng] kxn sbdL eGg] a'emg' k5{ .
cleefjs M ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljb\ofyL{xnfO{ /Iff ug]{, kfngkf]if0f
ug]{, ljb\ofyL{x?sf] lhDd]jf/L ;dfNg] JolQmnfO{ cleefjs elgG5 .
;fd'bflos
ljb\ofno M g]kfn ;/sf/af6
lgoldt ?kdf cg'bfg kfpg] u/L cg'dlt jf :jLs[t k|fKt ljb\ofno ;Demg'kb{5 .
e"ldsf M z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ug{ g]t[Tjstf{n] v]Ng] kxn sbdL eGg]
a'emg'k5{ .
|
5
|
kl/R5]b b'O{ M;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg
tyf ;}4flGts vfsf
@=! ;DalGwt
;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg
s'g} klg cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] cWoogaf6
cfk"mn] ug]{ cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg] eGg]
s'/fsf] dfu{ lgb]{zg ub{5 . ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/bf zf]wkq;Fu ldNg] jf
cWoognfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;flxTosf] cWoog ul/G5 . cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cg';Gwfg;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts, kqklqsf, n]v /rgf, zf]wu|Gy, :dfl/sf tyf cGo cg';GwfgfTds
cWoogaf6 cfˆgf] cWoog sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fO{ p2]\Zo k"/f ug{ s] s:tf
If]qnfO{ ;d]6g] s] s:tf ljlw ckgfpg], tYofÍ ;+sng ubf{ s:tf ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u
ug]{ eGg] ;jfndf ;xof]u Pj+ v'/fs k|fKt x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df oxfF ;DalGwt
;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg cWoogx?sf] ;xof]udf of] cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fO{ lgisif{df
k'Ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
zdf{, -@)^#_ sf cg';f/ z}lIfs
of]hgf lgdf0f{ / Joj:yfkgsf] pQ/bfloTj ;s];Dd :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg
ljb\ofno:t/df logLx?nfO{ g} ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ / ljb\ofno ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L
:yfgLo:t/df lzIfs / cleefjs ;d]t /x]sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ k|bfg u/L ;/sf/af6 To;sf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] ;f]xL of]hgf cg'?k ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ clwsf/
k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb\ofno / ;d'bfoaLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf]
x'Fbf ;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6sf]0fn] pkef]Qmf / ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg]{
lsl;dsf] lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt ;/sf/n] ug{'kg]{ st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . h;nfO{
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 eGg]
s'/f pNn]v ug{' ePsf] 5 . zdf{sf] k':tsdf ;fd'bflos ljb\ofno k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
u/L ;zSt agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOof] eg] o; cg';Gwfgdf dflys} s'/fnfO{
;d{yg hgfpb} lghL ljb\ofnodf /x]sf] k|zf;g jf k|zf;sLo z}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf]
5 .
uf}td -@)^(_ sf cg';f/
k|wfgfWofkssf] z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tjz}nLdf k|wfgfWofksn] ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{
z}lIfs ultljlwnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L z}lIfs u'0f:t/ tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u
k'Ug]5 . ljb\ofnosf] :t/ psf:gdf ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfsf] :yfg dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5
;fy} z}lIfs If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ efjL k':tfnfO{ ;d]t dfu{ bz{g ug]{5 eg]
;fd'bflos ljb\ofnodf /x]sf k|frfo{nfO{ z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tjdf /xFbf cfO{ k/]sf
;d:ofx?nfO{ 36fO{ z}lIfs pknAwL j[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]
ck]Iff pNn]v ug{' ePsf] 5 .
uf}tdsf] k':tsdf ljb\ofnosf]
k|frfo{df ;kmn z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tj lng] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g]5 ;fy} ljb\ofnodf pko'Qm
z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] lgdf0f{ u/L lzIfsx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] dgf]efjgfnfO{ ;d]t pRr
/fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ k|frfo{nfO{ ;3fpg] ePsfn] o; cg';Gwfgdf dflys}
s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g hgfpb} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf]
5 .
clwsf/L, -@)^*_ sf] cg';f/
;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ePsf / gePsf ljb\ofnodf k|z:t leGgtfx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . rfx]
Tof] leGgtf cflGt/s bIftf;Fu ;DalGwt xf];\ jf tdfd\ ljb\ofnosf lqmofsnfk;Fu
;DalGwt\ xf];\ . ljb\ofnok|lt cleefjssf] rf;f] a9\g' ljb\ofyL{sf] lgoldttf,
lj=Jo=;=sf ;lqmo e"ldsf h:tf sf/0fx? d'Vo ?kdf b]lvP . o:tf] leGgtfn]
;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f gePsf ljb\ofnox?nfO{ s]xL g s]xL k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ / To;n] vf;
u/L cfGtl/s bIftf / Joj:yfksLo kIfsf] ;'9[9Ls/0fsf nflu yk r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx?
l;h{gf ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ug{' ePsf] 5 .
clwsf/Lsf] k':tsdf ljb\ofnonfO{
;d'bfodf lhDdf lbPsf] v08df ljb\ofnok|lt hgrf;f] a9]/ hfg] ;d'bfo cem lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{
9+uaf6 ljb\ofnosf] pGglt / k|ultdf nfUg]5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfO{of] eg]
o; cg';Gefgdf dflys} s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g hgfpb} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnonsf] Joj:yfksLo /
g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
|
7
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9sfn, -@)^(_ sf cg';f/ ljb\ofnonfO{
;'rf? Pj+ Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ Joj:yfkgsf] ckl/xfo{tf x'G5 . /fd|f] Joj:yfkg
x'g ;s]g eg] ;+:yfn] /fv]sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . ljb\ofnodf lzIfs, k|=c=,
ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs, ;d'bfo cflbsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . ljb\ofnosf ;/f]sf/jfnf
;a}sf] ;femf nIo ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / Jojxfl/s lzIff
k|bfg ug{' x'G5 . h;sf] nflu ljleGg kIfx?df Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;dWo]
lzIf0f l;sfO{nfO{ cg's"n jftfj/0f agfpgsf nflu z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] x'G5 . z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkg eGgfn] sIffsf]7fsf]
Joj:yfkg eGg] a'lemG5 . z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jofks ?kdf x]bf{ ljb\ofnon] ug]{
sfo{ xf] . k|frfo{ ljb\ofnosf] k|d'v JolQm ePsfn] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k|frfo{sf] bfloTj xf] . sIff Joj:yfkgsf
;Gbe{df lzIffljb\ hg;g / klgsf cg';f/ æz}lIfs
p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;d"x / sIffsf]7fsf] cfGtl/s cj:yf ljsl;t ug]{ /
agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ sIff Joj:yfkg elgG5Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
9sfn, -@)^(_ sf] k':tssf cg';f/ æljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / ;fy;fy} o;df ;d'bfosf] / lzIfssf] klg plQs}
xft x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOof] eg] o; cg';Gwfgdf dflys} s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g
hgfpb} ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .Æ
sf]O/fn, ljb\ofgfy rGb| axfb'/
>]i7 -@)^&_ Sofdj]n -!(^*_ sf cg';f/ z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] kl/ro eGg] k':tsdf
k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|i6\ofpb} eGb5g\ æk|=c= ;+:yfsf] d'Vo JolQm xf] h;n] z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf] gLlt lgodsf]
kl/lwleq /x]/ Ps ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ug]{ h:t} k|zf;sLo sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub{5Æ . Ps
s'zn k|frfo{ z}Ifl0fs g]tfsf ?kdf dftxtsf lzIfsx?nfO{ z}Ifl0fs lgb]{zg dfq lbg]
geO{ pgLx?df lglxt k|ltefsf] ljsf;df pgLx?nfO{ g} pT;flxt u/L nIo k|flKtdf
;xof]uL x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f pNn]v ug{' ePsf] 5 .
k|wfgfWofks sfo{ k'l:tsf -@)%$ M
!#_ sf] cg';f/ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, kf7\oqmd, ;'kl/j]If0f, >f]t Joj:yfkg, afXo
;DaGw, ljb\ofyL{;Fusf] ;DaGw k|zf;lgs sfo{ / cWofkg k|frfo{sf k|d'v sfo{ If]qx?
x'g\ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
k|wfgfWofks sfo{ k'l:tsf -@)%$ M
!#_ n] k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem} lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] kfOof] eg] o;
cg';Gwfgdf dflysf] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbb} cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;DaGw Joj:yfkgdf
k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
k|wfgfWofks tflnd k'l:tsf,
-@)%&_ sf cg';f/ k|rfo{sf sfo{x?df k|frfo{ of]hgfsf/sf ?kdf, Joj:yfkssf
?kdf, z}lIfs g]tfsf ?kdf, k|lzIfssf ?kdf / kl/jt{g stf{sf ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
k|wfgfWofks tflnd k'l:tsf,
-@)%&_ n] k|frfo{nfO{ z}lIfs jfxssf] ?kdf lnOPsf] kfOof] eg] o; cg';Gwfgdf
dflysf] s'/fnfO{ ;d{yg ub}{ k|frfo{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/, Joj:yfks, s'zn g]tf xf]
eGg] s'/fdf ;xdtL x'b} k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
zdf{, -@)^&_ sf cg';f/
lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu c?nfO{ cu'jfO{ Pj+ ky k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g]t[Tj
elgG5 . ljb\ofno k|zf;gsf] ;DaGwdf ljb\ofnodf k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfO{ ug{'sf
cltl/Qm c;n dfgjLo ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{, k|]/0ff Pj+ ky k|bz{g ug]{ / Joj:yfksLo
Ifdtf k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tj z}nL elgG5 . g]t[TjnfO{ w]/} lsl;dn]
juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgoGq0f / zlQm k|of]usf] lx;fan] g]t[TjnfO{ tfgfzfxL,
k|hftflGqs, :jtGq, ;xeflutfd"ns / rdTsf/L lsl;ddf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfO{G5
. To;}n] g]t[TjnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf], dgf]lgt ul/Psf], / lgjf{lrt u/L tLg k|sf/df
klg afF8\g] ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f z}lIfs g]t[[Tj ;dfNg] JolQmn] lzIffnfO{ ;dfhsf]
cleGg c+usf] ?kdf x]g]{ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOPsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ljb\ofno
sfo{qmdk|lt lj1 z}lIfs ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ Pj+ lzIffnfO{ Joj;flos 9+uaf6 x]g]{
ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] z}lIfs g]t[Tjstf{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs /
k|fljlws ?kn] kl/kSs Pj+ of]Uo x'g' clgjfo{ 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
zdf{ k':tsdf ljb\ofnosf] cu'jfO{
ug{]b]lv z}lIfs g]t[Tj / h'emf? JolQm agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOof] . pQm
egfO{k|lt ;xdt x'b} k|frfo{ ljb\ofnosf] pQf]/–pQf]/ ljsf;df k"0f{ ?kn]
:j:Yo eO{ g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
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9
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u'/fFufFO{, -@)%*_ sf cg';f/ ;/sf/L /
lghL ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?n] km/s km/s g]t[Tjz}nL cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . b'j}
k|sf/sf ljb\ofnox?df k|frfo{x?n] cjnDag u/]sf] g]t[Tjz}nL a9L k|hftflGqs s]xL
:j]R5frfo{ / guGo dfqfdf :jtGq /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] km/skgnfO{ sd ug{ plrt g]t[Tj
lbg ;Sg] k|frfo{sf] 5gf]6 ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yf nflu kg{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lghL ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] ;+:yfks;Fusf] ;Dks{nfO{ dfq k|d'v ?kdf glnO{ lzIfs,
ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs / cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fusf] ;Dks{nfO{ klg dxTj lbg'kg]{ /
k|frfo{n] cfkm"nfO{ s'zn of]hgfsf/, lgdf0f{stf{ / ;~rf/stf{sf] ?kdf g]t[Tj
k|bfg ug]{ JolQmsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ cfˆgf] cWoogdf hf]8 lbg'
ePsf] 5 .
u'/fFufFO{, -@)%*_ n] cfˆgf]
k':tsdf ;+:yfks ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ pb\w[t ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .
pQm egfO{k|lt k"0f{ ;xdt x'b} o; cg';Gwfgdf ;+:yfks ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{n]
;+:yfksx?, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fusf] dfgjLo ;DaGwnfO{ cem} k|uf9 agfpg' kg]{ / k|zf;g
cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
9sfn, -@)^!_ sf cg';f/ ljb\ofno
;'Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|wfgfWofksn] ef}lts,cfly{s, z}lIfs, >f]tJolQm, ljb\ofno
lg/LIfs, ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?, cleefjsx?, lzIfs,
ljb\ofyL{ / ;d'bfok|lt ;sf/fTds /
;dGjofTds efjgf /fvL dfu{bz{s ug{'kg]{ k|frfo{ cWoogzLn / lh1f;' ;d]t agL lzIff
P]g, lgod, ;dfhsf] cfjZostf / rfxfgf cg'?k rNg'kg]{ h:tf s'/fnfO{ cf}NofOPsf] 5
.
9sfn, -@)^!_ sf] k':tsdf
k|frfo{n] ljb\ofnosf] :t/ pGgltsf] nflu lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?;Fu
xft]dfnf] ub{} cufl8 a9g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOof] . o; cg';Gwfgdf dflysf]
s'/fnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] ;dy{g hgfpb} ljb\ofnosf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df k|frfo{sf]
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@=@ cWoogsf] ;}4flGts vfsf
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10
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o; cWoog sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg, dfu{
lgb]{zg ug{ ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1x?n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf ljleGg l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfwf/
dfgL cWoogsf] ;}4flGts vfsfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;DalGwt
lj4fgx?n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt / ljlwx?sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . g]t[Tj ;j{JofkL
/ sl7g 5 . g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] cg's"ntf x'g] u/L k|of]u ul/Psf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ ;+:yfsf] k|s[lt / g]t[Tj ug]{ JolQmsf] JolQmut
:jfefjn] k|efljt kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL 7fFpcg';f/ ls6fg ug{
sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] dfWolds ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL cWoogsf
ljifodf ljleGg l;4fGtx? / ;}4flGts ljrf/x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L of] cWoognfO{
cy{k"0f{ agfpg /f]j{6 h] xfp;4f/f k|ltkflbt æg]t[Tjsf] dfu{ nIo l;4fGtÆ
nfO{ ;}4flGts vfsfsf] ?kdf o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg ;+u7gsf]
p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
eGgfn] ;d"xsf c? dflg;x?nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg k|of]u ug]{ of]Uotf eGg] a'lemG5 .
;+u7gsf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k"/f ug{, c?nfO{ cu'jfO{ ug]{, p2]Zo
k|flKtdf ;DalGwt ;a} JolQmx?nfO{ k|lta4 /fVg ;Sg] oyfzSo of]ubfgsf nflu tTk/
u/fpg ;Sg], ;fd"lxs / JolQmut ?kdf ;+u7gk|lt ;dlk{t u/fpg] Pj+ cfr/0fnfO{
Ps ;"qdf afFwL Pp6} dfu{df kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] u'0f g} Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
xf] . h;n] hLjGttf lbG5 / ;+u7gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] l;F9Ldf r9fpg d2t ub{5 . dfly
pNn]lvt vfsfnfO{ g]t[Tjsf] dfu{nIo l;4fGtsf] cg';f/ JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5
. o; l;4Gtsf k|yd k|ltkfbssf ?kdf /f]j6{ h]= xfp;nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . o; l;4fGtsf]
d'Vo cfzo ljleGg kl/:yltdf g]tfsf] Jojxf/ leGg–leGg x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVg'
xf] . o;sf nflu g]tfn] ljleGg kl/l:ylt cg'?k g]t[Tjsf ljleGg z}nL h:t} M–
lgb]{zfgfTds, ;dy{gfTds, pknAwLd"ns z}nLnfO{ ckgfpg' k5{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . o; cg';Gwfgdf dflysf] s'/fnfO{ k"0f{?kn] ;dy{g hgfpb} ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{df klg pStz}nL x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ;dy{g hgfpb} ljb\nosf] rf}tkmL{ pGglt,
k|ult / ljsf;sf] nflu k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|efj kfb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{
;}åflGts vfsf dfgL o;s} cfwf/df cg';GwfgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
g]t[Tj eg]sf] To:tf] Jojxf/ xf]
. h;n] ;+ul7t ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?nfO{ p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;dlk{t /fVg ;Sb5 .
r]:6 jgf{8 >f]t ;fdfu|L @)^( df pb\w[t / pko{'Qm kl/efiff cg';f/ s] eGg
;lsG5 eg] g]t[Tj eGgfn] ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kl/l:ylt cg';f/
cg'ofoLx?nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf jf u'0fnfO{ hgfFp5 . o;n] nIo k|flKttkm{ cg'ofoLx?nfO{
lgb]{lzt ug{'sf cltl/Qm pTk|]l/t / pT;flxt ub{5 . cg'ofoL g]tf, ;~rf/ /
kl/l:yltnfO{ g]t[Tjsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? dflgG5g\ .
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12
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dfly pNn]lvt vfsfnfO{ g]t[Tjsf]
nfIfl0fs / u'0fd"ns l;4fGt cg';f/ JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;
l;4fGtsf k|j{ts r]:6/ jgf{8sf cg';f/ g]tfdf lg0ff{os u'0f x'g' k5{ . g]t[Tj
ug]{ Jofltmdf af}l4stf, pQ/bfloTjaf]w, ;fdflhs r]tgf ;fy} AofltmTj c;n x'g' kb{5 egL cWoog u/]sf lyP . r]:6/
jgf{8n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGt;Fu w]/} ldNbf] h'Nbf] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ;}4flGts vfsf
dfgL o;s} cfwf/df cg';GwfgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=# ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] pkfb]otf
o; cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ p2]Zo
cg'?k k"0f{tf k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;flxTosf] l;+xfjnf]sgn] ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLn] ;du| ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs jftfj/0fnfO{ stflt/
cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] s'/fdf dxTjk"0f{ lqmofsnfkaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLsf sf/0fn] ubf{
ljb\ofnon] s;/L k|ult ug{ l5§} ;kmn x'G5 . ;d'bfo, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjsnfO{
kl/rfng s;/L ug]{, ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xof]u lagf ljb\ofnon] k|ult ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{
;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{, ;d'bfonfO{ ljb\ofnok|lt a9L
lhDd]jf/L aGg pTk]|l/t ug]{, >f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug{ k|]l/t ub}{
n}hfgsf] nflu k|frfo{n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . of]
cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds k|s[ltsf] agfpg'sf ;fy} cg';Gwfgsf]
lglZrt 9fFrf jf bfo/f tof/ ug{sf nflu cfh eGbf cufl8 ul/Psf cWoog tyf
cg';Gwfgsf] ;xfotfn] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . h;sf] ;xof]uaf6
;Defjgf/lxt gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlwsf] cfwf/df tYofÍ ;+sng u/L tYofÍsf] Joj:yf Pj+ ljZn]if0f
;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ubf{ x'g hfg] ;d:of, sdL
sdhf]/Lsf] lg/fs/0f x'g'kg]{ ;fy} dgu0fGt] tYo sfNklgs tj/af6 cg';Gwfg ubf{
cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgdf b]lvg] sdL sdhf]/L cWoog u/L cg';Gwfgstf{df b]vf kg]{
;}4flGts ljrng /f]Sgsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/R5]b tLg M cWoog ljlw
#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf k|fKt x'g]
tYofÍx?sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug{ d'Votof u'0ffTds tl/sf ckgfOg] ul/G5 .
efjfgfTds wf/0ff ljrf/, ;f]r,?lr, cg'ej, 1fg, b'li6sf]0f / k|j[lQ h:tf
s'/fx?sf] cWoog ;fª\lVos dfqfdf 7f]; ?kn] JoQm ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] x'Fbf pQm
s'/fsf] cg';Gwfgdf u'0ffTds k4lt ckgfOPsf] lyof] . o; cg';Gwfg ;To tYo ;"rgfx?sf]
cfwf/df JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/g] x'Fbf o;sf] cg';Gwfg 9fFrf u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf]
/x]sf] lyof] .
#=@ hg;+Vof tyf gd'gf 5gf]6
cWoogsf nflu lglZrt hg;+VofnfO{
cfwf/dfgL lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] . cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf ;Dk"0f{
ljb\ofnox?nfO{ lng ;fwg >f]t tyf oftfoft, ;~rf/, ;do / cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f
sl7gfO{ k}bf x'g] / ;dodf g} sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] x'bfFx'b}F klg ;xL
j:t'ut lgisif{ lgsfnL ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zon] o; sdnfaf/L
>f]ts]Gb|sf ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yfut ljb\ofno, k|frfo{, lj=Jo=;= cWoIf, ljb\ofyL{,
lzIfs o; cg';Gwfgsf hg;+Vofsf] ?kdf /x]sf lyP . h;dWo] ;Defjgf gd"gf 5gf}6
ljlw / p2]Zod"ns gd"gf 5gf}6 ljlw k|of]u u/L gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf]
lyof] .
#=# tYofÍsf] >f]t
cWoogsf] qmddf 5gf]6df k/]sf
ljb\ofnox?sf] :ynut e|d0f u/L tof/ kfl/Psf v'Nnf k|ZgfjnLsf] k|of]uaf6 lzIfs,
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{, lj=Jo=;= sf cWoIf, lzIfs cleefjs ;+3sf cWoIfsf] ljrf/ wf/f0ff
;d]t ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} cfjZosk/] k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj Ifdtf
ljsf; tflnd k'l:tsf, 8fo/L / b}lgs sfd ubf{ k|fKt cg'ej / glthf h:tf
>f]tx?sf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] . cyf{t tYofÍ ;+sngsf k|fylds / l4tLo
b'j} >f]tsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=#=! k|fylds >f]t
cWoogsf] qmddf cg';Gwfgstf{ :jo+
cfkm} uP/ tYofÍ ;+sng ug{'nfO{ k|fylds >f]t elgG5 . o; cGt{ut cjnf]sg,
k|ZgfjnL, cGt{jftf{ k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=#=@ l4tLo >f]t
cWoogsf] qmddf cg';Gwfgstf{n] c?n]
;ª\sng u/]sf] tYofÍ k|of]u ug{'nfO{ l4tLo >f]t elgG5 . o; cGt{ut ljb\ofnodf
ePsf] e"\=k"= tyf jt{dfg k|frfo{x?sf] /]s8{, ljb\ofyL{sf /]s8{x?,
d"NofÍg /]s8{, k|fwfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; k'l:tsf, z}lIfs a'n]l6g,
z}lIfs tflnsf, ;fdfu|L, lgod lgb]{zg cflbnfO{ k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;ª\sng ul/Psf]
lyof] .
#=$ tYofÍ ;ª\sngsf ;fwgx?
cWoogsf lglDt lgDg ;fwgsf] 5gf]6
ul/Psf] lyof] .
cjnf]sg kmf/d
;xeflutfd"ns cjnf]sgn] s'g}
klg cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL eP/ 36gf ;d:of tyf s'g} ljifoj:t'sf]
ulx/fO;Dd k'uL To;sf] ;xL ljZn]if0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf
dxTjk"0f{ ljlwdWo] ;xeflutfd"ns cjnf]sg klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍ
;ª\sngsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 . o; cWoogdf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nLsf ljleGg kIfx?nfO{ cWoog ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof]
. ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL cGt{ut lzIfs, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L, ljb\ofyL{,
cltl/St lqmofsnfk, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg, cfly{s cj:yf lyP eg] ef}lts cj:yf cGt{ut ejg,
sIffsf]7f, v]n d}bfg, vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, k':tsfno, k|of]uzfnf h:tf kIfsf]
cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ tYok/s tYofÍ ;ª\sng
ug{ o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf cg';'rL $ df pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf] ?h' ;"rL
kmf/dsf] ;xof]udf cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .
|
14
|
k|ZgfjnL
v'Nnf k|ZgfjnL ljsNk/lxt x'g]
x'Fbf / pQ/bftfn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|i6;Fu k|s6 ug{ kfpg] / ulx/fO;Dd k'uL
d"Nofªsg ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf cg';"rL $ ;Ddsf k|ZgfjnL dfkm{t tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf]
lyof] . of] k|ZgfjnL ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjssf] nflu ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL
cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL cfd'g];fd'g]
a;L p2]Zod"ns / l;nl;nfa4 9+un] ul/g] s'/fsfgL xf] . cg';Gwfgstf{n]
cg';Gwfgsf] dfu cg';f/ k|Zg lgdf0f{ u/L tYofÍ lng] ub{5 . o; cWoogdf klg
cg';"rL $ df pNn]lvt k|Zg cg';f/ JolQmut ;fd"lxs ?kdf ;~rflnt
cGt/jftf{af6 ;d]t tYofÍ lnOPsf] lyof] . of] cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL lzIfs,
cleefjssf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof] .
nlIft ju{;Fusf] 5nkmnsf a'Fbfx?
g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwL ljifodf ;DalGwt
JolQmx? /fvL 5nkmn u/fOPsf] lyof] . 5nkmnaf6 lgl:sPsf tYox?nfO{ a'Fbfut l6kf]6
u/L 5nkmnaf6 ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=% tYofÍ ;ª\sng k|lqmof
s_ cjnf]sg kmf/d M ljb\ofyL{ tyf cleefjssf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df uO{ cjnf]sg ul/Psf]
lyof] .
v_ k|ZgfjnL M ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs, k|frfo{ / cleefjs sxfF k|ToIf ?kdf uO{
k|Zgkq tof/ u/L k|ZgfjnL e/fOPsf] lyof] .
u_ cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL M ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs, cleefjssxfF uO{ k|ToIf cGt./jftf{ jf
k|ZgfjnL ul/Psf] lyof] .
3_ z}lIfs b:tfj]h tYofÍ kmf/d M
ljb\ofnodf ePsf] z}lIfs ;fdfu|L, rf6{, ljb\ofyL{sf] d"NofÍg ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf a}7s k'l:tsf, lzIff ljefuaf6 k|fKt n]v Pj+ lgb]{zgx? cflbsf]
k|ToIf cjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=^ tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f
o; cWoog u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf] ePsf]
dflgG5 . ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍx?nfO{ ;/n / ;xh ?kdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu qmda4 ?kdf
ljZn]if0f u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍx? dWo] ;+VofTds tYofÍx?nfO{ c+s,
k|ltzt / cg'kftsf] cfwf/df cfjZostfcg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]] 5 . u'0ffTds
tYofÍx?nfO{ JofVofTds ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ljleGg pkzLif{sx?df ljefhg u/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ k"0f{ ;flxTosf] cWoog;Fu hf]8]/
x]g]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|of]udf NofOPsf k|ZgfjnLsf] ;xof]uaf6 o; cg';GwfgnfO{
clGtd ?k lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF k|fKt tYofÍx?sf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnL
/ ljb\ofno cjnf]sg kmf/daf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx?nfO{ of]hgf, Joj:yfkg, k|zf;lgs
sfo{Gjog / d"NofÍg kIfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . g]t[Tj ;DaGwL ;flxTosf]
k'g/fjnf]sg / g]t[Tj;Fu ;DalGwt l;4fGtx?nfO{ o; cg';Gwfgsf] ljifoj:t';Fu hf]8L
tYofÍ ljZn]if0f k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;/n, ;xh / ljZjf;gLo agfpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf]] 5 .
|
16
|
kl/R5]b
rf/ M tYofª\ssf] JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f
k|:t't kl/R5]bdf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
;DaGwL zf]w zLif{sdf ljz]if u/L k|frfo{, lj=Jo=;= sf cWoIf, ljb\ofnosf lzIfs
tyf ljb\ofyL{x?;Fusf] cGt/jf{tf, k|ZgfjnL, b:tfj]h k'g/fjnf]sg / lzIfs;Fusf]
5nkmnsf ;fy} ljb\ofnosf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg / clen]v cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] ?h'
;"rL ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|fKt ;"rgf, hfgsf/L Pjd\ tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg zLif{s
pkzLif{sdf /fvL k|fylds ;|f]tsf cfwf/df cfjZostfcg';f/ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f u/L
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwL cj:yf
cWoog ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg ljb\ofnodf uO{ ul/Psf] k|frfo{, lj=Jo=;=
cWoIf, lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{;Fusf] cGt/jf{tf k|ZgfjnL cg';f/ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{df ldng;f/, :ki6jQmf, ;/n :jfefj, ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf, ;+:yfsf]
ljsf;k|lt sl6a4, a9LeGbf a9L hg;Dks{df /xg] hf] sf]xL;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g] /
c?nfO{ sfdsf lglDt pT;flxt kfg]{ h:tf u'0fx? e]l6P . pgLx?df ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs
Pj+ cleefjs ;a}nfO{ cToGt} pT;fxk"0f{ cf–cfˆgf] sfd / st{Jodf nfUg
pTk]|/0ff lbg ;Sg] k|efjsf/L g]t[Tjz}nL ljBdfg lyof] . g]tfdf x'g] zlQm /
k|efjsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ æs'g} klg JolQmdf
ePsf] Ifdtf, of]Uotf, kb, k|lti7f, clwsf/, lgod sfg'g, zf/Ll/s ;Ifdtf / g}ltstf
h:tf u'0f / ljz]iftfsf sf/0f p;df zlQm ;[hgf x'G5 / oxL zlQmn] g} p;n] c?nfO{
;xh} k|efljt kfg{ ;S5 .Æ pQm k|frfo{df zlQm / k|efjsf] l;4fGt a9L d]n vfg
uof] . To;}u/L ljb\ofyL{ Pj+ lzIfs4f/f ;'? ul/Psf] s'g} cleofg tyf sfddf …x'G5Ú
, …xf]Ú h:tf ;sf/fTds efjsf] hfu[t u/fO{ sfddf cflek|]l/t ug]{, xf};nf / pT;fx
lbg] :jfefj pxfFdf kfOof] . g]tfn] ckgfpg] ;sf/fTds clek]|/0ff z}nL;Fu ldNg
uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{df a9L eGbf a9L ;do ljb\ofnoleq
/x]/ ljb\ofnosf] lgu/fgL, cleefjs;Fu e]63f6, lgoldt x]/rfx / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
lglDt kxn ug]{ ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ k7g kf7gdf pT;fx hufpgsf lglDt ;Demfpg] Pj+
lg8/tfk"j{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ h:tf u'0f tyf ljz]iftfx? kfOof] .
k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ qmddf k|frfo{nfO{
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL eg]sf] s] xf] < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf k|frfo{ xl/rGb|
clwsf/L atfpg'x'G5 æJoj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
eg]sf] ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs, ef}lts kIfnfO{ ;d]6L cfˆgf
dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ dWo:y / ;dGjo ug{' xf] . o;/L Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
eg]sf] JolQmsf] Tof] Ifdtf v'jL jf snf xf] h;n] lglb{i6 nIo / p2]Zo k|flKt ug{
c?nfO{ k|efj kf/]/, clek]|l/t u/]/, v';L agfP/, dfu{bz{g u/]/, dWo:y / ;dGjo
u/]/ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ sfo{ ;kmn kfg{ ;Ifd x'g ;Sg] xf] .Æ
gd'gf 5gf]6 ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{ l;i6/
OefGhLnf u8]/sf cg';f/ æg]t[Tjz}nL eg]sf]
s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/L jf JolQmx?nfO{
pTk|]l/t u/L sfd ug{ lqmofzLn agfpg ;Sg] snf xf] . of] JolQmcg';f/ km/s x'G5 .Æ
o;/L g]t[Tj eg]sf] c?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xf] . cfˆgf cg'ofoLx?nfO{
cfˆgf] rfxfgf cg'?k sfd ug{sf nflu pT;flxt kfg{ ;Sg] snf xf] . o;}u/L k|frfo{ s]an k|;fO{ g]t[Tjz}nLsf] af/]df
cfˆgf] wf/0ff o;/L /fVg'x'G5, æg]t[Tjz}nL
eg]sf] ;fd"lxs nIo k|flKtsf nflu JolQmut OR5f hufpg] tyf pT;flxt u/L
k|efljt kfg]{ Ifdtf xf] .Æ o;/L s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
;fd"lxs ?kdf ldn]/ nIo k|flKtsf nflu g]t[Tjstf{n] ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9\g] IfdtfnfO{ ;Ifd g]t[Tjz}nLsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5
. o;} ;Gbe{df k|frfo{ ljdn vqL k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL eg]sf] s] xf]
< egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf pxfF cfˆgf] wf/0ff o;/L k|:t't ug{'x'G5, æg]t[Tjz}nL eg]sf] ;femf p2]Zosf] k|flKtsf
nflu leqb]lv OR5f hufpg dflg;x?nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sfo{ g} g]t[Tjz}nL xf] . h'g
k|hftflGqs z}nLsf] ePdf a9L l6sfp x'g ;S5 .Æ o;/L s'g} klg ;+3 ;:yfnfO{
pGglt k|ult lg/Gt/ ?kdf lqmofzLn u/fpg To; ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ dflg;x? :jtGq ?kdf
cufl8 a9\g kfpg'k5{ . h;n] ubf{ ;+:yfn] nIo k|flKtdf cufl8 a9\g ;S5 . o;}nfO{
;Ifd g]t[Tjz}nLsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
$=!=! k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL / ;]jf cjlwsf] cj:yf
|
18
|
;+:yfut
ljb\ofnodf a9L lhDd]jf/L cfjZos x'g] / lhDd]jf/Lsf] cefjdf ;+:yf g} w/f;oL x'g]
l:ylt ;[hgf x'g] x'bfF ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;a}nfO{ cToGt} lhDd]jf/L agfO{
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbgsf lglDt g]t[Tjn] ;do / kl/l:ylt cg'?k ljleGg g]t[Tjsf
l;4fGt tyf z}nLnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?n]
k|ToIf ?kdf cfˆgf lzIfs, sd{rf/L tyf ljb\ofyL{df 8/, qf; / bafasf] ;[hgf ug]{,
cfb]z lbg] sfd t u/]sf] kfOPg t/ klg lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ljb\ofyL{x? g]t[Tj ug]{
k|frfo{sf] zlQmb]lv 8/fPsf] cj:yf cWoog If]qdf e]l6Psf] lyof] . cg';"rL
rf/ lzIfssf nflu k|ZgfjnL eg]{ qmddf Pshgf lzIfsn] d t oL k|Zgx? eg{ ;lSbg lsg
sL of] k"/} k|frfo{n] x]g{'x'G5 t;y{ of] dnfO{ eGbf k|frfo{nfO{ g} lbg';\
. pxfFn] h;nfO{ lbg'x'G5 p;n] k|ZgfjnL eg]{ u5{ egL pQ/ lbPsf lyP . o;sf ;fy}
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ klg JolQmut ?kdf lbFbf k|frfo{sf] s'/f cfPkl5 cln xlRsPsf] kfOof]
/ o;nfO{ ;fDo agfpg ltdLn] h] b]v]sf 5f}+ Tof] n]v of] uf]Ko /xg]5 k|frfo{nfO{
b]vfplbg eg]kl5 ;xh ?kdf eg{sf] nflu kmd{ lnPsf] kfO{of] . o;}af6 k|:6 x'G5 ls
lzIfs, sd{rf/L / ljb\ofyL{ k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjsf] zlQmb]lv 8/fPsf] cj:yf cWoog
If]qdf e]l6Psf] lyof] . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf pQm lzIfsn] eGg'eof] æxfd|f]
ljb\ofnodf t lk|lG;kn g} 7"nf] xf] . lk|lG;knsf] cg'dlt ljgf t xfdL s]xL
af]Ng ldNb}g o:t} u/L ljb\ofnosf] /fo a'em\g vf]Hbf klg cln 8/, bSs; lng vf]Hbf
pxfFn] eGg'eof] æcGt/jftf{ / efif0f
eg]kl5 d 8/fpF5' . d t cGt/jftf{ glbg] / efif0f gug]{ dfG5] x'F . xfdL t
:j3f]lift k|frfo{ ePsf dfG5] xf} .Æ o;/L pxfFsf] :jfefj cWoog ubf{ aflx/
a9L hf]8 lbg], ljb\ofnosf lhDd]jf/L lzIfs, sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / sfddf
lhDd]jf/L aGg ;xof]u ug]{ :jfefj e]l6of] . g]t[Tjsf] dfu{nIo z}nLcg';f/ klg æg]tfsf] d'Vo sfd cg'ofoLx?;Fu :ki6 nIo
lgwf{/0f, nIo k|flKtsf nflu pQd dfu{ kQf nufpg d2t ug]{ / ;f] ;DaGwL s'g}
cj/f]w b]vf k/]df x6fpg ;3fpg] cflb x'g\ . To;}n] pxfFdf g]t[Tjz}nL dfu{ nIo
b[li6sf]0f xfjL ePsf] kfOof] . ;sf/fTds clek|]/0ff z}nL cGt{ut ;Ddfg, k':sf/
cflb k5{g\ eg] gsf/fTds clek|]/0ff z}nL cGt{ut b08 ;hfo cflb k5{g\ . k|frfo{df
cfjZostfcg';f/ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} vfnsf] clek|]/0ff z}nL e]l6of] .Æ
xfn k|frfo{sf] ?kdf /xg' ePsf rf/j6} k|frfo{nfO{ tkfO{x? k|frfo{ eO{ g]t[Tj
;DxfNg' ePsf] slt slt jif{ eof] < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf pxfFx?n] lbg'ePsf]
pQ/nfO{ ljZn]if0ffTds ?kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 5gf]6df k/]sf rf/j6f ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] xfn
k|frfo{ kbdf /xg' ePsf] /cg'ej jif{nfO{ tnsf] tflnsf g+= ! af6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5
.
|
19
|
Tflnsf g++ ! 5gf]6df k/]sf k|frfo{sf] cg'ej jif{
|
qm=;=
|
ljb\ofnosf] gfd
|
k|frfo{sf] gfd
|
k|frfo{ kb jif{
|
|
!
|
dgf;n' cf=df=lj=
|
xl/rGb| clwsf/L
|
% jif{
|
|
@
|
lbklzvf af]= :s"n
|
s]an k|;fO{
|
!& jif{
|
|
#
|
tgx'F l8«dNof08 Ps]8dL
|
ljdn vqL
|
@ jif{
|
|
$
|
gf]6]«8\ofd p=df=lj=
|
l;i6/ OefGhLnf
|
!% jif{
|
dflysf] tflnsfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lzIf0f k]zfdf cg'ej k|fKt JolQm g}
ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{ kbdf /xg ePsf] kfOG5 . hlt sf]/f JolQm k|frfo{ kbdf /xFbf
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLdf afwf / sl7gfO{x? b]vf kb{5g\ . To;sf] cnfjf ;Ifd /
cg'ejL JolQmn] cfˆgf] g]t[Tjz}nL ;xh 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg ;lhnf] x'g] u/]sf]
atfO{G5 . cg'ejL st{Jolgi7, nugzLn JolQm g} k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t{Tjz}nLnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg lqmofzLn /x]sf] cj:yf cWoog If]qdf e]l6Psf] lyof] .
$=!=@ of]hgf lgdf0f{sf] cj:yf
|
20
|
s'g}
klg sfd ug{' cl3 Tof] sfdsf] p2]Zo, nIo / sfd ug]{ tl/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ul/g'nfO{ g} of]hgf elgG5 . s'g} sfdaf6 clwstd\ pkof]lutf lnO{ To;nfO{ a9L
pkof]uL agfpg of]hgf cfjZos kb{5 . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljb\ofnon] jif{el/ ;~rfng
ug]{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf lgdf0f{ ug]{ ug{' ePsf] 5 egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf ;a} ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?n] jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf lgdf0f{ ug]{ u/]sf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . jflif{s
sfo{ of]hgf cg';f/ ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljb\ofyL{4f/f ;~rfng
ul/g] lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu
tof/ kfl/G5 . Ps z}lIfs ;qleqsf ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ rf}dfl;s,
dfl;s P+j b}lgs ?kdf ljefhg u/L ljb\ofyL{x?sf z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf nflu
lgoldt ?kdf ljb\ofnoleq jf aflx/ ;~rfng ul/g] k|:tfljt sfo{qmdx?sf] ;ª\sngnfO{
jflif{s sfo{of]hgf elgG5 . cg';Gwfgdf k/]sf rf/j6} ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{nfO{
ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s of]hgf lgdf0f{ ;DaGwdf ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf of]hgf lgdf0f{ ug]{
t u/]sf] t/ ;fd'bfoLs ljb\ofnodf h:tf] ljb\ofno ;'wf/ of]hgf, sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg / ljb\ofnonfO{ s;/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] of]hgf eg] cfkm"x?nfO{
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] gu/fPsf] ;+:yfut ljb\ofno egL o:tf] of]hgfaf6 k5fl8
kf/]sf] h'g ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm"x? eg] To;af6
cglj1 /x]sf] egL pxfFx? ;a}af6 Ps} lsl;dsf] pQ/ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf k|fKt ePsf]
lyof] .
ljb\ofnon] jflif{s of]hgf agfpgsf] tfTko{ ljb\ofnonfO{ hLjGt ?kdf
;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . o; of]hgfdf slxn] s'g ldlt;Dd ljb\ofyL{ :jfut
Pjd\ egf{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, s'g ;dodf PsfO{ k/Liff, k|yd rf}dfl;s, l4tLo
rf}dfl;s / clGtd k/LIff To:t} glthf k|sfzg, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng, cleefjs
e]nf h:tf s'/fx? jflif{s of]hgfdf ls6fgL ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;n] ljb\ofnonfO{ hLjGt
t'Nofpg] x'bfF x/]s ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] cfˆgf] ljb\ofnonfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf]
nflu of]hgf lgdf0f{ u/L cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$=!=# k|frfo{4f/f lzIfsx?sf] sIff cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf]
cj:yf
|
21
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o;
cWoog If]qsf] qmddf 5gf]6 ePsf ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|ZgjnLx?df
;tk|ltzt k|frfo{x?n] lzIfsx?4f/f lnOg] sIffnfO{ ;do ;dodf cjnf]sg tyf lg/LIf0f
ug]{ u/]sf] tYofª\s k\fKt ul/of] . cfjZos b]lvPsf] v08df lzIf0f ul//x]sf]
a]nfdf sIffsf]7fleq g} uO{ cf}krfl/s tl/sfn] lg/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf] / cGo ;dodf
cgf}krfl/s ?kdf sIffsf]7feGbf aflx/af6 g} lg/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf] k|frfo{x?n]
atfpg'eof] . ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfnfO{ tkfO{x?n] k|frfo{4f/f
lzIfsx?sf sIff cjnf]sg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 < egL ;f]lwPsf]
k|Zgdf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfx?n] lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfPsf 5f} egL
hjfkm lbg'ePsf] kfOof] . tkfO{x?sf sIffx? k|frfo{4f/f s] s;/L cjnf]sg ug]{ ug{'
ePsf] 5 < egL lzIfsx?df ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf lzIfs z'zLn Gof}kfg] atfpg'x'G5 æxfdLn] k9fO/x]sf] sIffdf g} pkl:yt eO{
sIffnfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ ug{'ePsf] 5 eg] slxn] sflx aflx/ ‰ofn 9f]sfaf6 klg
lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfPsf] 5' .Æ To;}u/L ljb\ofyL{x?;Fu ltdLx?nfO{ ;/n]
k9fpbf k|frfo{ cfP/ sIff cjnf]sg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf kfPsf 5f} < egL
;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf cg'k clwsf/L atfp5g\ ælg/LIf0f ug]{ ug{' ePsf] 5 Æ To:t}
ljb\ofyL{ ;[hgf yfkf atfpl5g\ æslxn] sflx
;/x?n] k9fPsf] sIff aflx/af6 lg/LIf0f ub}{ lx8\g' ePsf] ;fy} ‰ofn 9f]sfaf6
58\s] lg/LIf0f ;d]t ub}{ lx8\g'ePsf] b]v]sf 5f} egL pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] .Æ
ljb\ofnodf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx? Tflnd k|fKt g} 5g\ eGg] 5}g\ h;sf]
sf/0f ljb\ofnosf] k7gkf7g k|efljt x'g ;S5 . t;y{ k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
k|frfo{nfO{ cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfodf /x]sf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, lj=lg=
;|f]t JolQmn] / ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?sf] sIffnfO{ lj=lg= ;|f]t JolQm k|frfo{n]
lg/LIf0f P+j cjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . olb sIff sf]7fdf slxF sdL sdhf]/L ePdf ;'wf/
ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbO{g' kb{5 .
$=! =$ vfnL lkl/o8 Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf
ljb\ofnodf slxn] sflxF lzIfsx?sf] cfsl:ds sfdn] ubf{ ljbf lnO{ a:g'
kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . To;/L lzIfsn] ljbf lnbf pxfFx?n] lng] lkl/o8 vfnL
x'g cfpF5 h;n] ubf{ sIffdf xNnf x'g] / c? sIffnfO{ ;d]t afwf kg{ hfg] x'Fbf
cg';Gwfgdf k/]sf rf/j6} ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{nfO{ vfnL x'g cfpg] lkl/o8nfO{ s;/L
Joj:yfkg ug' x'G5 < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf tLghgf k|frfro{sf] ljrf/ ldNg uof]
pxfFx?sf cg';f/ vfnL x'g] lkl/o8nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu vfnL x'g] lzIfsnfO{
yk cltl/Qm ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg u/L sIff lng nufpg] eGg] pQ/ kfOof] eg] k|frfo{
ljdn vqLsf] tl/sf cln km/s kfOof] pxfsf cg';f/ æTo:tf] cj:yfdf k|frfo{ cfkm} pQm sIffdf uP/ pQm ljifodf lzIfsdf s]xL
;d:of /x] g/x]sf] cWoog u5{' / ljb\yfyL{;Fu cGt/lqmof u5{' / slxn] sflxF lgoldt
sIff x'g g;s]sf] v08df cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk u/fpFb5'Æ eGg] pQ/ lbPsf] kfO{G5 .
o; cWoog If]qsf] qmddf k|frfo{4f/f vfnL lkl/o8 Joj:yfkg s] s;/L ePsf] 5
< egL ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ul/Psf] k|Zgdf ljb\ofyL ;'lbk skfnL eGb5g\ æs'g} lbg s'g} ljifo k7fpg] ;/ ljb\ofno
cfpg' ePg eg] csf]{ ;/ cfO{ k9fpg] ug{'x'G5Æ eGg] pQ/kfOof] . eg] ljb\ofyL{
cd[tf >]i7sf] egfO{ cln km/s /x]sf] 5 pgsf cg';f/ æs'g} ;/ ljb\ofno gcfP/ s'g} lkl/o8 vfnL x'g cfPdf k|frfo{ :jod\ sIffdf
cfO{ xflh/L hjfkm, jSt[Tj snf h:tf lqmofsnfk u/fpg'x'G5Æ eGg] pQ/ kfOof] .
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22
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s'g}
klg ljb\ofnodf ;w}F ;a}hgf lzIfs ljb\ofnodf cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf
pxfFn] k9fpg] ljifosf] lkl/o8 vfnL x'g cfpF5 . lkl/o8 vfnL eP kl5 ljb\ofyL{x?
xNnf ug]{ u5{g\ . h;n] ubf{ csf]{ sIffnfO{ ;d]t k7g kf7gdf afwf kg{ hfG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfnfO{ cltl/Qm kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf u/]/ vfnL lkl/o8 ePsf] lzIfsnfO{ k7fpg
;lsPdf sIffsf]7fdf x'g] xNnfnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO{nfO{ yk
k|efjsf/L agfpg k|frfo{n] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . h;n] l;sfO{nfO{ cem a9L
k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
$=!=% k/LIff ;DaGwL glthf hfgsf/L u/fpg] cj:yf
k/LIff ;DaGwL glthf hfgsf/L u/fpg] cj:yf
s;/L ug{'x'G5 < egL ;f]lwPsf] cGt/jf{tf k|ZgfjnLdf b'O{j6f k|frfo{sf] tf}/
tl/sf ldNbf] h'Nbf] kfO{of] pxfFx?sf cg';f/ æljb\ofyL{sf
cleefjsx?nfO{ ljb\ofnodf af]nfP/ dfs{l;6 ljt/0f ul/G5Æ eGg] pQ/ k|fKt eof] eg]
k|frfo{ s]an k|;fO{sf] pQ/ eg] cln km/s kfO{of] . pxfFsf cg';f/ æk/LIff ;DaGwL
glthf hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu k|To]s ljb\ofyL{sf cleefjsnfO{ ljb\ofnodf g}
af]nfpg] / k|To]s ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ gofF emf]nfdf l/kf]{6 sf8{ /fvL lbP/ glthf
ljj/0f hfgsf/L u/fpFb5'Æ eGg] pQ/ k|fKt eof] . ljb\ofnodf rf}dfl;s,
cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k/LIff lng] ul/G5 . o;/L k6s – k6s lnOPsf] k/LIffn]
ljb\ofyL{df l;sfO{k|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg d2t ug]{ ub{5 . oxL k|Zgdf s]lGb|t eP/
ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf pgLx?n] klg k|frfo{sf] pQ/;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] pQ/
lbPsf] kfOof] . b'O{j6f ljb\ofnosf ljb\ofyL{n] cleefjs lnP/ hfg'kg]{ / To;kl5
dfq l/kf]{6 sf8{ kfO{g] s'/f atfP eg] ljb\ofyL{ ;'nf]rgf e§ k/LIff ;DaGwL glthf
s;/L k|fKt u5f}+ < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf æk|To]s
rf}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k/LIffsf] glthf k|fKt ug]{ lbgdf cleefjs lnO{
hfg' kg]{ / cleefjssf] pkl:yltdf gofF emf]nfdf /fvL l/kf]{6 sf8{ pknAw u/fpg]
s'/fdf atfpl5g\Æ o;/L l/kf]{6 sf8{ lbg] Joj:yfn] ljb\ofyL{sf] k|ult
cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g] / :jod\ ljb\ofyL{nfO{ klg cfkm" s'g ljifodf slt
sdhf]/ /x]5' eGg] yfxf x'g cfFp5 . h;n] ubf{ sdhf]/ ljifonfO{ cltl/Qm ;do lbP/
k7g kf7g lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ugf{n] yk d2t ldNg] ub{5 . h;af6 lzIf0f l;sfO{
lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u k'Ug uO{ l;sfO{df k|ult x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
$=!=^ sIff cjnf]sgkl5 lbOg] ;'emfj, ;Nnfx /
k[i7kf]if0fsf] cj:yf
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23
33
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lzIf0f
l;sfO{df u'0f:t/nfO{ j[l4 ug{sf nflu sIff cjnf]sg / To;kl5 lbOg] ;Nnfxn] hlt
k|efljt t'NofpF5 . To;eGbf klg cem dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf cjnf]sg kl5 lbOg]
;'emfj / k[i7kf]if0fn] lgjfx{ ub{5 . o:tf ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / k[i7kf]if0fn]
lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO{df dfu{lgb]{z / cfTdan pRr /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 . cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt eO{ ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 zt k|ltzt k|frfo{x?n]
cfk"mn] sIff cjnf]sg ug]{ u/]sf] / To;lk5 cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;'emfj /
k[i7kf]if0f lzIfsx?nfO{ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ?kdf lbg] u/]sf] hfgsf/L tYofÍ
;ª\sngsf] qmddf k|fKt ul/of] .
k|frfo{x?nfO{ tkfO{x?n] lbPsf]
k[i7kf]if0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf
k|frfo{ l;i6/ OefGhLnf æ/fd|f] kfPsf] 5'
/ d ;Gt'i6 5'Æ eg]sf] kfOof] .
$=!=& ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjs cGt{lqmof cj:yf
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24
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ljb\ofno
eg]sf] ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ Ps z}lIfs ;+:yf xf] . ;fdflhs
ultzLntfsf] cfwf/sf] ?k lzIff xf] . o:tf] lzIff k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yf
ljb\ofno xf] . of] ;+:yf cfkm;] cfkm ;~rflnt geO{ cfd cleefjssf] ;lqmotfdf ;~rflnt
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . cleefjssf cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljb\ofnodf egf{ u/fO{ c;n gful/s
agfpg ljb\ofnok|lt pgLx?sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgL / ;Nnfx ;'emfj cfbfg k|bfg ul//xg'
kg]{ x'G5 . h;nfO{ g} cGt{lqmof elgG5 . h;af6 ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjsaLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . o; ;DaGwdf k|frfo{nfO{ ljb\ofyL{,
lzIfs / cleefjs cGt/lqmof slt slt ;dodf ug{'x'G5 < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf]
pQ/df b'O{ hgfn] #÷# dlxgfsf] cGt/df ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjs cGt/lqmof /fV5
eg]sf] kfOof] eg] k|frfo{ l;:6/ OefGhLnf æcfjZostf
cg';f/ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ atfpg' x'G5Æ eg] k|frfo{ ljdn vqLsf]
egfO{ cln km/s /x]sf] 5 pxfF eGg'x'G5 æljb\ofyL{;Fu
lgoldt cGt{lqmof ub{5' s'g} lzIfs cg'kl:yt /xbf pQm ;dodf ;DalGwt ;d:of af/]
;f]wk'5 ug]{ u/]sf] 5' . lzIfs;Fu slDtdf dlxgfsf] Psk6s / cfjZos k/]df hlt;'s}
a]nf klg cGt/lqmof ub{5' . cleefjs;Fu sDtLdf # dlxgfdf Psk6s cleefjs e]nf
dfkm{t / cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf laxfg a]n'sf ljb\ofyL{ lng, 5f]8\g cfPsf] a]nf
cfjZos ;'emfj ;Nnfx lng] lbg] u/]sf] 5'Æ eGg] pQ/ k|fKt eof] . o;/L ;/;tL{
x]bf{ ljb\ofnosf] cleGg cË eg]sf] g} ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs cleefjs x'g logLx?sf]
lgoldt ;xsfo{, ;b\efj, ;xof]uL efjgf / ljrf/af6 dfq z}lIfs ;+:yfn] pGglt k|ult
/ km8\sf] dfg]{ xF'bf ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljb\ofnosf ;/f]sf/
kIf;Fu cGt/lqmof u/L cufl8 a9]sf] v08df ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs kIf ;'b[9 x'g d2t
k'Ug]5 . o;/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] aLr lg/Gt/ cGt/lqmof cufl8 a9fpg' cg';Gwfgaf6
pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .
$=!=* k|frfo{af6 lzIf0f ug{ pTk|]/0ffTds sfo{sf] cj:yf
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25
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lzIfs
k]zfk|lt k|f]T;flxt ug]{ sfo{df k|frfo{sf] cu|0fL e"ldsf /xg] ub{5 . s'g}
klg JolQm ;a} s'/faf6 k|v/, of]Uo, ;Ifd x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ p;df pT;fx k|]/0ffn]
p;n] cfˆgf sfo{ If]qdf ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ cuf8L a9\g ;S5 . o; sfo{df k|frfo{sf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . o;} ;DaGwdf hf]g P8D; eGb5g\ ælzIfs dflg;sf] lgdf{tf xf] .Æ o;af6 s]
:ki6 x'G5 eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xL dfu{ lgb]{z u/L c;n JolQm agfpg] k]zfut JolQm
lzIfs xf] . o;df k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 . o;sf nflu
lzIfs j}olQms, ;fdlhs Pj+ k|fl1s u'0fn] of]Uo aGg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu p;nfO{
a]nf a]nfdf ;~rfng x'g] tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ h:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL aGg
k|frfo{af6 k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . h;af6 lzIfsdf yk bIftf, 1fg j[l4
ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cWoog If]qleq /x]sf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{af6 k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f ug{sf nflu s] s:tf] pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ePsf 5g\ < egL ul/Psf]
k|Zgdf lzlIfsf nIdL uf}td o:tf] pQ/ lbg'x'G5 æk|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{sf nflu k|frfo{sf6 lbg'kg]{ /fo ;'emfj a]nf a]nfdf
k|fKt x'G5 h;n] pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ub{5Æ egL pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . To:t}
k|Zg lzIfs /;dg s'df/>]i7nfO{ /f]lwPsf]df pxfF eGg'x'G5 æk|frfo{n] cfˆgf] cg'ejaf6 xfl;n ug{'ePsf ljleGg pbfx/0fx? lbP/
pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ug{' x'G5 / cfkm} klg nfUg'x'G5Æ egL pQ/ lbPsf]
kfOof] . o;/L g} cWoogsf] qmddf lzIfs kjg sfsL{nfO{ pTk|]/0ff hufpg] ;DaGwdf
;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf pxfFsf] pQ/ c?sf] eGbf cln km/s lyof] . pxfF eGg'x'G5 ælzIfsnfO{ pTk|]/0ff hufpgsf] nflu k|frfo{n]
af/Daf/ p;n] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfo{k|lt xf};nf a9fpg'k5{, ;fy} lzIfssf] Jojxfl/s
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u / k'/:sf/sf] klg Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ x'G5Æ
egL pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . o;/L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljleGg ljb\ofnosf ljleGg
lzIfs;Fu ul/Psf] 5nkmn, k|ZgfjnLaf6 lzIfsnfO{ k|f]T;fxg, k|]/0ff / xf};nf
a9fpg] sfo{df k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] / To;n] lzIf0f l;sfO{
lqmofsnfknfO{ dfly n}hfg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt
g/x]sf] s'/f cWoogsf] qmddf kfOof] .
$=!=( cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfngsf] cj:yf
ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs ultljlwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
;xlqmofsnfksf] ?kdf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfknfO{ lng] ul/G5 . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cGt{ut
cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng klg kb{5 . o; cWoogsf] qmddf jflif{s Go"gtd k9fO{
;~rfng x'g'kg]{ lbg gk'u]df j}slNks Joj:yf s] ug{' ePsf] 5 < egL ;f]lwPsf]
k|Zgdf k|frfo{ l;i6/ OefGhLnf eGg'x'G5 æyk
sIff ;~rfng u/]/ x/]s jif{sf] jflif{s Sofn]G8/df o;sf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5Æ
egL pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . eg] k|frfo{ s]an k|;fO{ o;f] eGg'x'G5 æhf8f] ljbf, udL{ ljbf cflbnfO{ 36fP/ yk
cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng u5f} Æ eGg] pQ/ kfOof] eg] k|frfo{ ljdn vqL cln km/s
lsl;dsf] wf/0ff JoQm ug{'x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5 æk|fo o:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5}g . olb Go"gtd k9fO{ ;~rfng ug]{
lbg gk'u]df k/LIffnfO{ s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L Ps dlxgf nueu cltl/Qm sIffsf] Joj:yf
u/L Go"gtd k9fO{ x'g] lbg k"/f ug{] ub{5'Æ egL pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof]
. o;/L cWoogsf] qmddf ljleGg ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{;Fu ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf ;a}af6
;sf/fTds pQ/ g} cfPsf] / oxL k|Zg ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf Go"gtd\
k9fO{ x'g] lbg gk'u]df s] j}slNks sIff ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf k|frfo{n] ldnfpg' ePsf]
5 eGbf ljb\ofyL{ k|]/0ff e§/fO{af6 ældnfpg'
ePsf] 5Æ eGg] pQ/ kfOof] . o;/L g} cGo ljb\ofnosf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ klg oxL
k|Zg ubf{ pgLx?af6 klg yk ;do laxfg a]n'sf sIff lnP/ klg Go"gtd\ k9fO{
x'g] lbg k"/f ul/Psf] pQ/ cWoogsf] qmddf kfOof] . ljb\ofnsf] z}lIfs
cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf cu|0fL x'g] ub{5 . syd\ sbflrt
Go"gtd k9fO{ ;~rfng ug]{ lbg k'Ug guPdf k|frfo{n] lzIfsx?nfO{ laxfg a]n'sf
;do ldnfO{ yk cltl/Qm sIffsf] Joj:yf u/]/ eP klg sIff ;~rfng ug]{ lbg k"/f
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ljifoj:t'n] k|bfg ug{ vf]h]sf] 1fg, l;k,
bIftf ljb\ofyL{ dfem clek|]l/t x'g] b]lvG5 . o;df k|frfo{n] cu|0fL e"ldsf
v]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . h;n] ljb\ofyL{sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvG5 .
$=!=!) lzIfs Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf
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26
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ljb\ofno Pp6f ;fgf]
;dfh xf] . ljb\ofno ;d'bfosf] dfu{lgb]{zs ;+:yf xf] . lzIffn] ;dfhdf r]tgf ;dfhnfO{
;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts nufot ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?df;';"lrt u/fO{ ;dfhnfO{ ;To tYo Pj+
;xL dfu{df nfUg] lgb]{zg ljb\ofno dfkm{t lbg] ub{5 . ;fdflhs Gofosf] kfngf x'g
g;s]sf] v08df gful/sxnfO{ pgLx?sf] st{Jo, bfloTj / clwsf/k|lt hfu[t u/fpg] ;zQm
dfWod lzIff g} xf] . lzIff ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] d]?b08 P+j zlQmzfnL dfWod ePsfn]
lzIffnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;fdflhs dfu tyf cfjZostfg's"n ;dfhn] ljsl;t ub}{
nfg' kb{5 . ;d'bfodf :yfkgf ePsf x/]s ljb\ofno dfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ cleefjsn]
cfˆgf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lzIffsf] lbJo Hof]lt lbO{ Gofgf] kfg{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f
;[hgf ug]{ JolQm eg]sf] lzIfs xf] . ljb\ofnodf /x]sf x/]s lzIfsn] ljb\ofnodf
cfpg] afnaRrf cfˆg} afnaRrf x'g\ egL st{Jo af]wsf ;fy lzIff lzIf0f
lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . c;n, rl/qjfg, k9]n]v]sf JolQm eg]sf] g}
;dfhsf lzIfsx? kb{5g\ . To;}n] pgLx?sf] Jojxf/af6 ;dfhn] w]/} s'/f cfzf /fv]sf]
x'G5 . g]kfn ufFp g} ufFpn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . clwsf+z u|fdL0f If]qsf] cfFvfsf]
gfgL eg]sf g} lzIfsx? x'g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf o; cWoog ;a}df ;dfj]z ul/Psf rf/j6}
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?nfO{ lzIfs Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{'x'G5 < 3/of;L 5 jf
k|lt:kwf{Tds 5 < egL u/LPsf] k|Zgdf k|frfo{ s]an k|;fO{ eGg'x'G5 ælzIfssf] Joj:yfkg sIff cjnf]sg kZrft
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 ul/G5 .Æ egL atfpg'x'G5 . To:t} u/L
k|frfo{ xl/zrGb| clwsf/L atfpg'x'G5 ælzIfs
Joj:yfkg lj1fkg u/L k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 5gf}6 u/G5Æ egL pQ/ lbg'x'G5 eg]
b'O{j6f ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] egfO{ eg] ldNbf] h'Nbf] /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ ælj1fkg u/]/, ;DalGwt ljifosf] sIff cjnf]sg
/ k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ k|fKtfª\ssf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cg'dltdf lzIfssf]
Joj:yfkg ul/G5Æ eGg]] pQ/ k|fKt eof] .
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27
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o;}
k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt eO{ lzIfsx? tkfO{x? JolQmut ;Dks{ jf k|lt:kwf{af6 s;/L ;]jf
k|bfg ug{' eof] < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf tLgj6f ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?n] æk|lt:kwf{af6 k|j]z u/]sf] 5'Æ eGg] pQ/
lbPsf] kfOof] eg] Pshgf lzIfsn] eg] æd
JolQmut ;Dk{saf6 ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] x'FÆ eGg] pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . lzIf0f
lqmofsnfk cfkm}df klg rnfv, d]xg]tL, of]Uo JolQmaf6 ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 .
o;df cfˆgf] dfG5] eGbf /fd|f] dfG5] 5gf}6df ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos x'g hfG5 .
t;y{ lzIfs 5gf}6df lj1fkg u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfsf] ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifo lzIf0f
ug{ nufO{ k|fKtfª\ssf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{' a9L j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ x'g] b]lvG5 .
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28
|
$=!=!! lg0f{o lng] kl/kf6Lsf] cj:yf
cWoog If]qdf k/]sf ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?nfO{ ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs, ef}lts P+j cGo ultljlwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;'emfj / ;NnfxnfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
ug{'ePsf] 5 < egL ;f]Wbf k|frfo{x?af6 lbOPsf] pQ/nfO{ ;du|df tn o;/L k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] gLlt lgb]{zgdf /xL KofA;g / Pg KofA;gaf6
k|fKt /fo ;'emfj / ;Nnfxleq /xL s'g} klg s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5
. dflyNnf] lgsfon] lbPsf] /fo, ;'emfj / ;Nnfxcg';f/ ljb\ofno ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf]
atfpg'x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;Nnfxsf/x?af6 k|fKt /fo
;Nnfxdf 5nkmn ug]{ ul/Psf] / 5nkmnaf6 kfl/t ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx?nfO{ pxfFx?
s}}}}}}}} ;xeflutfdf sfof{Gjog u/L cufl8 a9\g] u/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . o;}
;DaGwdf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf ljqmd lkof;Fu tkfO{n]] Nofpg'ePsf s'g}
gofF sfo{qmdx?nfO{ s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ ug{'x'G5 < egL ;f]lwPsf]k|Zgdf pxfFsf]
pQ/ klg ldNbf] h'Nbf] kfO{G5 . æs'g} klg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/bf lj=Jo=;=sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn u/L ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?sf]
;/;Nnfxsf] cfwf/df g} cfkm"n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf] 5' . s'g} s'g} kIfdf
;xdlt h'6g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt dflyNnf] lgsfodf ;f]wk'5 u/L lgisif{df k'Ug]
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .Æ t;y{ g]t[Tjz}nLsf] cj:yf k|frfo{x?n] k|hftflGqs z}nL eg]
tfklg lg/+s'z / k|hftflGqs b'j} l;ldt /x]sf] cj:yf e]l6of] .
$=@ k|frfo{x?sf] g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwL k|efj
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL cGt{ut z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf lglDt z}lIfs jftf/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx?,
ckgfpg'kg]{ z}lIfs k|ljlwx?, lzIfs, cleefjs / ljb\ofyL{x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ h:tf
kIfx?nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; u/L k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@=! k|frfo{n] sIff cjnf]sg kZrft\ lzIfsnfO{ k/]sf] k|efj
sIff lzIf0f 7Ls tl/sfn] eP gePsf] yfxf kfpgsf] nflu k|frfo{n] sIff
cjnf]sg u/L lzIfsx?nfO{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg] sfo{ ug{' k|frfo{sf]
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . sIff cjnf]sg / lg/LIf0f qmddf rf/hgf k|frfo{;Fu
;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/df rf/}hgf k|frfo{n] lgoldt ?kdf cf}krfl/s sIff cjnf]sg
lg/LIf0f ug{] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . o;} u/L sIff cjnf]sgsf] af/]df rf/}j6f
ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?;Fu ul/Psf] 5nkmndf ;a} lzIfsx?n] sIff cjnf]sg x'g] s'/f atfpg'ePsf]
lyof] eg] lg/LIf0f kZrft\ k|frfo{n] k[i7kf]if0f lbg] u/]sf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lzlIfsf clgtf ltldN;Lgf atfpg'x'G5 æk|frfo{n] sIff cjnf]sg kl5 u[xsfo{ hfFr ug{'k5{, sIffsf] jftf/0f zfGt
agfpg'k5{ / sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ a9L ;do / k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ egL atfpg]
ug{'x'G5Æ egL atfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] . ljb\ofnodf z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/sf] k|d'v kIf
sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 agfpg' xf] .
lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg lzIfsx?sf] ;lqmotfn] pQm sfo{ ;Dej 5 . tyfkL
ljljw cfGtl/s jf afXo sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx?sf] lzIf0f sfo{ ck'/f] /xg ;S5 . o;sf
nflu k|frfo{n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf lgoldt tj/n] sIff cjnf]sg u/L lzIfsnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx
/ ;'emfj JolQmut ?kdf jf ;fd"lxs ?kdf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . h;af6 lzIf0f
lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
$=@=@ k|frfo{sf] ;d'bfodf k|efj
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29
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z}Ifl0fs
;'wf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf / To;n] ;d'bfodf
kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cg';Gwfgdf /x]sf ljb\ofnosf lj=Jo=;= cWoIf /
lzIfsnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf pxfFx? ;a}af6 k|frfo{sf] ;d'bfodf k|efj ;'dw'/ /
/fd|f] g} /x]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] eg] o;} qmddf cWoIf /fdd0fL lwtfnsf] wf/0ff
cln km/s /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ æk|hftflGqs,
;'dw'/, cg'zfl;t, g}ltsjfg / d}lqefjk"0f{ k|efj k/]sf] cg'ej u/]sf] 5'Æ
eGg] pQ/ k|fKt eof] . k|frfo{sf] ;d'bfodf /fd|f] k|efj kg{'sf sf/0fx? w]/}
/x]sf 5g\ . h:t} M P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf zt k|ltzt glthf, ljlzi6 >]0fL ;d]t
ePsf], lhNnf :t/Lo If]qLo tyf /fli6«o k/LIffdf ;kmntf kfpg', cleefjs / ;dfhsf]
k|lti7f kfpg' lzIfsx?sf] d]x]gt tyf nugzLntf / ljb\ofyL{ cg'zf;g pko'Qm ePsf]
k|efjk|lt ;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfpg'sf] ;fy} ;Gt'li6sf] sf/0fdf lzIf0f l;sfO{sf]
k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, lgoldt ;'wf/f]Gd'v, ;sf/fTds tyf ;'wf/fTds ;'emfj lbg' cflb
/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg dxfg'efjx?sf] cf–cfˆg} b[li6sf]0faf6 JoQm ljrf/af6
k|frfo{sf] k|efj ;d'bfodf lgs} /fd|f] /x]sf] z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/df k|of;/t /x]sf],
jflif{s kf7of]hgf, sfo{ tflnsf lgdf0f{ tyf sfof{Gjog, lhDd]jf/L, lzIfssf]
Ifdtfcg';f/ lbOPsf] ljifoj:t', cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng, cleefjs e]nf,
k/LIffkmn clen]v pko'Qm 9+un] /fVg] u/]sf] / ;Lko'Qm sfo{ lgdf0f{ ug]{ u/]sf]
atfPsf 5g\ . o;/L ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] k|efj ;d'bfodf /fd|f] /x]sf]
b]lvof] . k|frfo{n] ef}lts tyf cfly{s kIfnfO{ eGbf z}Ifl0fs lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{]
k|efj ;d'bfodf k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
$=@=# ljb\ofnodf ;~rflnt cGt{lqmofsf] k|efj
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30
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ljb\ofno
eg]sf] ;dfhsf nflu lgdf0f{ ul/Psf] z}lIfs ;+:yf xf] . h'g ;d'bfodf ljb\ofnosf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf] ;'/Iff / pGgltsf nflu ;f]xL ;d'bfon] lrGtf / rf;f]
b]vfpg' clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnosf] k7fO{sf] :t/ lzIfssf] of]Uotf, tflnd,
st{Jolgi7f;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts P+j cfly{s kIf;Fu
klg ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts / cfly{s kIfsf] ;DaGwdf ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjssf]
k|ToIf lgu/fgLsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] lbPsf ;xL
;'emfj ;Nnfx / k/fdz{x?nfO{ k|frfo{n] cfTd;fy u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df
ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ k|frfo{ PSn} ;Ifd xF'b}g
. To;}n] ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts P+j cfly{s ;|f]tx? h'6fpg] sfddf ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, cleefjs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] dx;'; ul/G5 eg]
To;sf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfngdf lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjssf] ;'emfj / ;Nnfx cg';f/
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;} zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ cWoog If]qdf k/]sf ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{nfO{
lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ lnP/ lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjsaLr ;~rfng u/]sf]
cGt/lqmofsf] k|efj s:tf] /x]sf] 5 egL u/LPsf] k|Zgdf ;a}af6 æ/fd|f] /x]sf] 5Æ eGg] pQ/ k|fKt eof] .
x/]s lhNnf leqsf ;+:yfut ljb\ofno lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] lgb]{zgdf /xL Pg
KofK;g / KofK;gsf] dftxtdf /xL ;~rfng eO{/x]sf] x'G5g\ . ;/f]sf/ kIfx?aLr
ul/Psf] cGt/lqmofaf6 k|fKt /fo ;'emfj / ;Nnfxcg';f/ k|frfo{x?n] ljb\ofno ;~rfng
u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . o;/L ljb\ofyL{,lzIfs / cleefjsaf6 k|fKt /fo ;Nnfx ;'emfj
cg';f/ ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw cufl8 a9\g] u/]sf] s'g} klg ;d:of cyjf
;sf/fTds kIf h] h:tf] eP klg ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df cuf8L a9L sfd ubf{ sfd
ug{ kl/l:ylt ;xh x'g] egfO{ ;a}af6 k|fKt x'G5 . h;af6 ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0fdf
;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] s'/f k|frfo{x? atfpg'x'G5 .
$=@=$ ljb\ofyL{ dfem k|frfo{sf] k|efj
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31
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ljb\ofnosf]
;d:t ;f+u7lgs kl/l:ylt lgdf0f{ ug{ k|frfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg]
ub{5 . ;f+u7lgs ultljlwleq sd{rf/L h'6fpg], ;dGjo Nofpg], k|To]s JolQmsf] sfd
st{Jo / clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, sfd ug]{ tl/sf / ljlw cflb sfo{x? ;+u7gleq ul/G5
. ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] k|d'v ;+u7gstf{sf] ?kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kb{5 .
k|frfo{n]] ljb\ofnosf] nIo / p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs,
lj=Jo=;= cflb ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjo Nofpg] sfo{ ug{' kb{5 . ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t
ljb\ofyL{ k9fpg] lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ :ki6 ?kdf lbg'kg]{
lhDd]jf/L k|frfo{sf] g} xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df gd"gf 5gf}6df lnOPsf ljb\ofnosf
ljb\ofyL{ dfem k|frfo{sf] k|efj s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf ;a}af6
;femf wf/0ff o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 æxfd|f]
ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{sf] k|efj ljb\ofyL{ dfem /fd|f] /x]sf] 5Æ eGg] pQ/
kfOPsf] lyof] . ;+:yfut ljb\\ofnosf k|frfo{n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfdf sIff
;~rfng, ;do tflnsfsf] plrt k|of]u, ljb\ofyL{ lzIfs tyf cGo clen]v Jojl:yt
u/]sf], ljb\ofnosf] :ki6 z}lIfs Pjd\ ef}lts of]hgf lgdf0f{ u/L sfof{Gjog,lzIfs,
ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw ePsf], cg'zf;g, k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog, eO/x]sf] ef}lts, cfly{s, ;|f]tsf] pRrtd\ k|of]u, cleefjs;Fu /fd|f]
;dGjo, sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{sf nflu cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng, of]Uo lzIfs 5gf}6, /]8qm; /
ljb\ofyL{ ;bg dfkm{t ljb\ofnosf ultljlwdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]
kfOof] . h;af6 ljb\ofyL{ dfem k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=@=% ljb\ofyL{ egf{df k/]sf] k|efj
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{ / cleefjsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw /x]sf] kfOof] .
k|frfo{n] klg ljb\ofnonfO{ ;a} lsl;daf6 ;kmn agfpgsf lglDt cleefjssf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /xg] x'bfF cleefjsnfO{ g} ;a]{;jf{ 7fg]/ pgLx?k|lt
gd| x'g] pgLx?sf] ;d:of ;'Gg] / ;dfwfgsf lglDt kxn ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .
cleefjsx?n] klg ljb\ofyL{ egf{ ug{'eGbf klxn] k|j]z k/LIffdf aRrfnfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg], cGt/jftf{df ;fd]n u/fpg], ljb\ofnodf ePsf ;'ljwf / gLlt lgodnfO{ a'‰g],
o;sf] ;fy} ;fd'bflos ljb\ofnosf] xsdf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf cleefjsnfO{ a9L cfly{s
ef/kg]{ u/]sf] h;sf] sf/0faf6 cleefjsx? A9L dxTjsf+IfL ePsf] kfOof] eg]
gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf ljb\ofyL{;Fu ul/Psf] k|Zgdf æk|frfo{ cln a9L s7f]/ ePsf], k|j]z k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g lgs} d]x]gt ug{'
kg]{, ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf egf{ x'g kfpg' uj{sf] s'/f /x]sf] egL pgLx? atfp5g\ .Æ
o;sf ;fy ;fy} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf dxª\uf] z'Ns /x]sf] ljb\ofnon] ljleGg zLif{sdf
z'Nsx? Tf]Sg] u/]sf] klg cWoogsf] qmddf e]l6of] . o;sf ;fy ;fy} ljleGg zLif{sdf
lt/]sf] z'Ns ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf ;/sf/L ljb\ofnosf] t'ngfdf a9L g} x'g] u/]sf]
gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf e]l6of] . h;af6 cleefjsx? olt a9L nufgL u/]kl5 t
k9fO{ To;} klg /fd|f] x'g'kg]{ x'G5 egL ck]Iff u/]sf] e]l6of] eg] ljb\ofyL{x?
klg Tolt d]x]gt u/]/ gk9\g], cfly{s nufgLsf] lx;faaf6 klg xfdLnfO{ dflyNnf]
sIffdf nluxfN5 eGg] cfzf u/]sf] kfOof] . k|j]z kfpg hlt k|of; ug]{ ul/Psf]
lyof] k|j]z kfO{;s]kl5 ToxLcg';f/ cWoogzLn, d]x]gt eg] gu/]sf] gd"gf
cWoogsf] qmddf e]l6of] .
$=@=^ lzIfsdf k/]sf] k|efj
ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{]b]lv u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug]{
sfo{df lzIfssf] dxTjk"0f{ xft /x]sf] x'G5 . lzIfs c;n, st{Jolgi7, cg'zfl;t
eP dfq To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj ljb\ofyL{df b]Vg ;lsG5 . sfFrf] df6f] ?kL tL slnnf
afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg], stf 8f]¥ofpg] eGg] s'/fdf lzIfssf] xft 7"nf]
/x]sf] x'G5 . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx? k|frfo{sf]
a9L 8/ / qf; dfGg] ljb\ofnok|lt a9L lhDd]jf/L gag]sf] dx;'; ul/Pdf hflu/af6 g}
xft w'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvof] eg] lzIfs / k|frfo{aLrsf] ;DaGw klg Tolt x[boL
b]lvPg . lzIfs :6fkm, sd{rf/L / k|rfo{sf] a}7s ;+o'Qm ?kdf z}lIfs pGglt /
k|ultsf nflu a:g] u/] tfklg lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf a9fpg] qmddf
lj=Jo=;= cWoIf / k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf cln a9L k]ngsf/L /x]sf] kfOof] . h;n]
ubf{ lzIfs, sd{rf/Lx? ;Dej eP;Dd c? g} If]qdf ;]jf ug{ kfP x'g] lyof] eGg]
h:tf] cfef; lzIfs, sd{rf/Laf6 cWoogsf] qmddf e§fOof] . h;n] ubf{ ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnodf lzIfsx? a9L cfpg] hfg] ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f klg cWoogsf] qmddf
e]l6of] . o;sf] ;fy} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf lzIfsx?n] ljb\ofnodf sfd ubf{
cfkm"nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] pRr 1fg x'g], ;dosf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug]{ afgL a:g] /
cfˆgf] k]zfut sfo{bIftf klg clej[l4 x'g] x'Fbf kl5 h:tf] ;'s} sl7gtd\ cj:yfdf
klg b'Mv u/]/ vfg ;lsg] kf7 l;s]sf] /fo JoQm u/]sf] e]l6of] . o;/L x]bf{
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] lzIfsx?nfO{ cToflws sfo{ ef/sf] af]em lbP klg
lzIfsx?n] cfˆg} lhDd]jf/L ;Dem]/ axg ug]{ u/]sf] gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf
e]l6of] . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{k|lt Ps b'O{ lzIfsx? ?i6 b]lvP klg clwsf+z
lzIfsx?n] eg] ug{'kg]{ sfdsf ?kdf dx;'; u/]sf] e]l6of] . o;sf] ;fy} gd"gf
cWoogsf] qmddf lzIfs / k|frfo{aLrsf] ;x;DaGw s:tf] 5 < egL ul/Psf] k|Zgdf
;a}af6 ;sf/fTds / /fd|f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 eGg] pQ/ lbPsf] e]l6of] .
$=@=& glthfdf b]lvPsf] k|efj
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33
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z}Ifl0fs
sfo{qmd ;~rfng kZrft cfzfltt\ pknAwL k|fKt eof] of ePg egL pQm sfo{qmdsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug{' klg x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{ ;DalGwt sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ;a} JolQmx?sf] xf]
tfklg k|frfo{sf] ljz]if lhDd]jf/L b]lvG5 . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf
ljb\ofyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg / glthf s;/L hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'G5 egL ul/Psf] k|Zgdf
k|frfo{ s]an k|;fO{ o;/L atfpg'x'G5 æk|frfo{
/ lzIfsx?n] lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf cltl/Qm lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx? ;d]t k|of]u u/L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / o;sf] ;fy} k|To]s
ljb\ofyL{sf] nAwfÍsf] tof/ u/L ljb\ofyL{sf ;DalGwt cleefjsnfO{ ljb\ofno d}
af]nfO{ gofF emf]nfdf /fv]/ ljb\ofyL{sf] k|ult ljj/0f cfjZos ;'emfj ;lxt ljt/0f
ug]{ ul/G5 .Æ ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf glthf k|sfzg kZrft ;DalGwt k|frfo{n]
lzIfsx?sf] a}7s a;L sdhf]/ ljb\ofyL{x?, pgLx?sf] cg'zf;g, pkl:ylt z}lIfs
;fdfu|L Pjd\ lzIf0f ljlw cflbsf af/]df 5nkmn u/L cfjZos ;'wf/sf pkfox? canDag
ug]{ u/]sf] atfOof] . o;sf] ;fy} sIff !) df cWoog/t ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ ljb\ofnosf]
cfˆg} kxndf cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng P+j cfjZostf cg';f/ cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{
u/]sf] kfOof] . d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|lqmof / glthf hfgsf/L u/fpg] tl/sf
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] /fd|f] /x]sf] kfOof] . h;af6 cleefjsx? k|efljt ePsf, cfˆgf]
aRrfaRrLsf] jf:tljs cj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/ 5nkmn / /fo ;Nnfx Pj+ ;'emfj klg k|fKt
ul/g] x'bfF gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] glthf k|efj /fd|f]
/x]sf] kfOof] .
$=@=* sIff ;~rfngdf k/]sf] k|efj
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34
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s'g}
klg b]zn] lzIffsf] nflu 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ u/]sf] x'G5 . pQm wg/fzLsf]
k|of]u eof] ePg eg]/ x]g]{ cfwf/ g} ljb\ofyL{ pknAwL xf] . ljb\ofyL{sf] pknAwL
s:tf] lsl;dsf] /xg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ ToxfF x'g] sIff ;~rfng k|lqmofn] k|efj
kf/]sf] x'G5 .ljb\ofyL{sf] l;sfO{ j[l4 ug{ sIff ;~rfngsf] tf}/ tl/sfn] 7"nf]
e"ldsf v]Nb5 . sIffsf]7fleq cfjZos k|sfz, xfjf, a:g] :yfg, k9fpg] 7fFp, kmlg{r/sf]
k|sf/, ;/;kmfO{, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L /fVg] 7fFp, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L k|of]u ug]{
jftfj/0f, ljb\ofyL{sf] a;fO{sf] l:ylt h:tf ;fgf ;fgf t/ clt cfjZos s'/fn] sIff
;~rfngdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . lglZrt 7fFpdf sfnf] kf6L jf
x\jfO6 jf]8{sf] k|of]u ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . sIff ;~rfng ug]{ eg]sf] ljb\ofyL{sf]
l;sfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' xf] . To;}n] ljb\ofnodf x'g] lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkn]
ljb\ofyL{sf] 1fgdf clej[l4 Nofpg d2t k'Ug] ub{5 . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf
sIff ;~rfng ug]{ Go"gtd\ lbg gk'u]df s;/L To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{x'G5 egL
;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf k|frfo{ ljdn vqL eGg'x'G5 æk|fo
o:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5}g . olb Go"gtd\ sIff ;~rfng ug]{ lbg gk'u]df
hf8f] ljbf, udL{ ljbf cflbnfO{ 36fP/ k9fO{ ;~rfng ul/G5Æ o;/L Go"gtd\
sIff ;~rfng x'g] lbg k"/f ug]{ ul/G5 t/ k|fo o:tf] ;d:of cfO{ k/]sf] 5}g
egL k|frfo{ ljdn vqL atfpg'x'G5 .
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfaf6 sIff ;~rfng
k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;do tflnsfsf] k|of]u, ljb\ofnosf] :ki6 z}lIfs
of]hgf lgdf0f{, lzIfs ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw /x]sf], sdhf]/
ljb\ofyL{sf nflu cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf oL cflb lqmofsnfkx?af6 ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnodf gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf sIff ;~rfngdf /fd|f] k|efj k/]sf] kfOof] .
$=# k|frfo{n] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj k|bfg ubf{ ;fdfgf u/]sf ;d:ofx? M
k|frfo{n] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj lnFbf cfO{ k/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
tn a'bfFut ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=#=! cfly{s ;d:of
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35
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lzIffdf
ul/g] nufgLsf] clwsf+z vr{ lzIfs tna eQf, d;nGb vr{, k|zf;lgs vr{, ejg tyf
kmlg{r/ vr{, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ljb\ofnoaf6 lnOg] z'Ns
tyf :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yf, uf=lj=;= ;|f]taf6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy
;fy} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf z]o/ ;b:ox? klg cfly{s nufgLsf ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . z]o/
;b:ox?n] cfˆgf] ljb\ofnosf] :t/ psf:gsf] nflu rf}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s
?kdf z]o/ nufgL ug]{ u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf o;/L ljleGg zLif{sdf
cfly{s cfDbfgL x'g] u/] tfklg vr{sf] cg'kftdf of] /sd sd} x'g] u/]sf] k|frfo{
xl/zrGb| clwsf/L atfpg'x'G5 pxfFsf cg';f/
æljb\ofnosf] ljleGg zLif{sdf x'g] u/]sf] vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ jif]{lkR5]
ljb\ofyL{sf] lzIf0f z'Ns nufot cGo z'Ns klg j[l4 ug{' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] cfly{s
cefj s} sf/0f lzIfsnfO{ lbg] tna eQfdf klg sGh':ofO{ ug{' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 egL
atfpg'x'G5 .Æ o;/L ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf cfly{s ?kdf ;d:of /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=#=@ k|zf;lgs ;d:of
s'g} klg ;+:yfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg] sfd k|zf;gn] u/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu
To; ;+:yfdf k|zf;sLo JolQmsf] lgo'lQm ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljb\ofnonfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf
cufl8 a9fO{ To;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu k|zf;sLo JolQmsf] ?kdf k|frfo{nfO{
lnOPsf] x'G5 . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnox?df zlQm / k|efjsf]
l;4fGt Pj+ dfu{ nIo b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ckgfPsf] kfOof] . zlQm / k|efjsf]
l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} klg JolQmdf ePsf] Ifdtf, of]Uotf, kb, k|lti7f, clwsf/, lgod,
sfg'g cflbsf sf/0f p;df zlQm ;[hgf x'G5 . oxL zlQmn] g} c?nfO{ ;xh} k|efljt
kfg{ ;lsG5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?n] lg/s'+z / tfgfzfxL g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{
ckgfPsf] kfOof] . h;cg';f/ g]t[Tjn] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ / zlQm cfkm"df
s]lGb|t u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f lgb]{zg / cfb]z lbg] u/]sf] kfOof] . o;/L
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?n] lg/+s'z Pjd\ tfgfzfxL g]t[Tjz}nL ckgfpFbf cfˆgf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cToflws sfo{ef/sf] af]em yk]sf] klg e]l6of] . h;af6 lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/L k|frfo{k|lt Tolt ;Gt'i6 gePsf] h;n] k|zf;lgs ;d:of klg ;[hgf u/]sf]
e]l6of] .
$=#=# ef}lts ;d:ofx?
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36
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ljb\ofnosf]
lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ef}lts kIfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 . ef}lts kIf cGt/ut v]n d}bfg, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, lj1fg k|of]uzfnf,
zf}rfno, sIffsf]7f, oftfoftsf ;fwgx? OToflb kb{5g\ . ljb\ofnosf] u'0ffTds
lzIffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu oL kIfx?n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf
x'G5g\ . s'g} klg ljb\ofnodf o:tf kIfx? k"/f ugf{sf] nflu k|frfo{sf]
g]t[Tjz}nLn] uxg e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf ljleGg
ljb\ofnodf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgdf ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf s] eOlbof] eg] k7g kf7g /fd|f]
/ k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf ljb\ofyL{x? eGb5g\ æljb\ofnodf lj1fg k|of]uzfnf eOlbP,
7"nf] v]n d}bfg, :s'na;sf] Joj:yf eP xfd|f] ljb\ofno cem} /fd|f] x'g]
lyof] .Æ eGg] pQ/ To; ljb\ofnosf] ljb\ofyL{x?af6 k|fKt eof] . o;sf ;fy}
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljb\ofnodf hfFbf ;fFu'/f] sIffsf]7f, v]n d}bfg ;fgf],
zf}rfnosf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf gx]/]sf] e]l6of] . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf]
lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu oL o:tf ef}lts ;d:ofx?nfO{
g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$=#=$ egf{df ;d:ofx?
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{ / cleefjsaLrsf] ;DaGw /fd|} /x]sf] kfOof] .
k|frfo{n] klg ljb\ofnonfO{ ;a} tj/af6 ;kmn agfpgsf lglDt cleefjssf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ /xg] x'Fbf cleefjsnfO{ g} ;j]{;jf{ 7fg]/ pgLx? k|lt gd| x'g],
pgLx?sf] ;d:of ;'Gg] / ;dfwfgsf lglDt kxn ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . o;sf ;fy ;fy}
gd'gf cWoogsf] qmddf sltko ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x? ljb\ofyL{ vf]Hg 3/ 3/ k'Ug]
k/]sf] ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof w]/} b]vfpg b]vfj6L ?kdf k|j]z k/LIff lnP h:tf] u/L
sIffdf egf{ ug{' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] klg e]l6of] . o;sf] ;fy ;fy} cfly{s
;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sltko ljb\ofyL{x?af6 egf{ eO;s]kl5 klg k};f p7\g g;s]sf]
ljb\ofnon] nufpg] ljleGg lsl;dsf z'Nsx? klg a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] h:tf kIfx? klg
e]l6of] . h;sf sf/0fn] ubf{ ljb\ofnodf sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;dod} tna
eQf v'jfpg g;lsPsf] h;n] ubf{ pgLx? sfd u/]/ ;dod} tna eQf gkfpbFf dgf]j}1flgs
?kdf lg/fz ag]sf] klg cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf e]l6of] . o;} qmddf k|frfo{ ljdn vqL;Fu
tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofyL{ egf{ ;DaGwdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx? cfOk/]sf 5g\ <
egL u/LPsf] k|Zgdf pxfF eGg'x'G5 s] ug]{ ;'?df ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof a9L b]vfpg 3/
b}nf] cleofg u/L s]6fs]6L a6'Ng] sfd u/Lof] / sIffsf]7fdf NofO{ k9fpg yflnof]
lj:tf/} egf{ z'Nsx?sf] s'/f ug{ yfn] kl5 lj:tf/} ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof 36\b} uPsf]
cj:yf 5 egL pxfF atfpg'x'G5 . o;/L gd'gf cWoogsf] qmddf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf
ljb\ofyL{ egf{df ;d:of /x]sf] e]l6of] .
$=#=% lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of
|
37
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s'g}
klg ;+:yfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ToxfF /x]sf JolQmx?sf] :yfg dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5
. ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] cfr/0f, :jfefj, nugzLntf, lj:jf;gLotf cflbn]
;+:yfnfO{ pGglt / k|ultdf n}hfg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] u5{ . cWoog
If]qdf /x]sf ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?nfO{ lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf s] s:tf] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 < egL ul/Psf] k|Zgdf pxfFx?af6 ;a}sf] ldNbf] h'Nbf] pQ/ k|fKt x'g
cfof] pxfFx? eGg'x'G5 æsd{rf/L /
lzIfsnfO{ ljb\ofnodf c8\ofpg} Psbd} ;d:of 5 s;/L eg] pxfFx?nfO{ lbg] tna eQf
pxfFx?n] kfpg] eGbf sd 5, Tof] klg ;dod} lbg ;lsb}g, ljb\ofnodf lhDd]jf/L a9L 5
. o;n] ubf{ hf] sf]xL JolQm lgw{Ss eO{ sfd ug]{ cj:yf Psbd} sd 5 /fd|f] cj;/
kfpg] lalQs} pxfFx? ljb\ofno 5f8]/ hfg'x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ljb\ofnodf lzIfs,
sd{rf/L cbn abn a9L eO/xG5 egL pxfFx? atfpg'x'G5 .Æ o;/L gd"gf
cWoogsf] qmddf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf sd{rf/L / lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of /x]sf]
b'lvG5 .
k|frfo{ eg]sf] ljb\ofnosf] k|d'v kb xf] . o; cWoogsf] qmddf b]lvPsf
;d:ofx?nfO{ k|frfo{n] ;w} ;+j]bgzLn eO{ z]o/ ;b:o;Fu 5nkmn, lj=Jo=;= cWoIf,
cleefjs, dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 k|fKt /fo, ;'emfj / ;Nnfx tyf ljb\ofyL{x?sf] ljrf/nfO{
;d]t dWogh/ u/L cfkm"dfly cfPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]df dfq
k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL ;fy{s x'g] b]lvG5 .
$=$ cfly{s Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj k|bfg ubf{ ;fdgf u/]sf
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf ul/Psf] gd'gf cWoogsf] cfwf/df k|frfo{x?n]
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj ;DxfNbf cfkm"nfO{ cfO{ k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu
lgDg cg';f/sf pkfox? canDag ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$=$=! cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
s'g} klg ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ dfgj
;+;fwg b]lv ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L, sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg, v]n d}bfg, zf}rfno,
vfg]kfgL, sDkf08 cflbsf nflu cfly{s kIfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
u/]sf] x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt kIfx?df ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu x/]s ljb\ofnox? cfly{s ?kdf
;DkGg x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnodf x'g] k7g kf7g lqmofsnfknfO{ dfly pNn]lvt
kIfx?n] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g\ . t;y{ ljb\ofnosf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ ;an / ;Ifd
agfpg ljb\ofno;Fu ;DalGwt kIf, cleefjs, z]o/ ;b:o, ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof cflb;Fu
;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu a]nf a]nfdf uf]i7L cfof]hgf ug]{
o;df ljb\ofnosf] ;d:of atfO{ o;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL /fo,;Nnfx, ;'emfj
lnO{ k|frfo{ cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
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38
|
$=$=@ k|zf;lgs ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
k|zf;sLo JolQmsf] ?kdf k|frfo{ /x] klg k|frfo{sf] dfq Psn k|of;n]
;+:yfn] k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g\ . t;y{ ;+:yfn] k|ult ug{ ToxfF /x]sf ;a}
JolQmx?df ;+:yfsf] k|ultk|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h;cg';f/
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] ;sf/fTds clek|]/0ff z}nL Pj+ :jtGq / lgjf{w z}nLnfO{
ckgfO{ cfˆgf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfˆg} 9+uaf6 sfd ug]{ ;f]r ljrf/ ug]{
:jtGqtf k|bfg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . Psf]xf/f] k]nfg, lg/+s'z z}nL, cfb]zcfTds
lgb]{zgd} 7"nf] x'F eGg] k|j[lQ 5f8L ;+:yfk|lt ;a}nfO{ plQs} cj;/ /
jftfj/0f ldnfpg ;s]sf] v08df ;a}sf] dg / dl:tisdf ;+;yfk|lt dfof, ddtf hfUb5 .
h;af6 k|zf;s k|zf;ssf] ?kdf g/xL ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;a}n] dx;'; ug]{ cj:yf
;[hgf x'g hfG5 . sfd ubf{ k|hftflGqs, :jtGq jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L ul/Psf] sfo{af6
ofjt k|zf;lgs ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ d2t / ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
$=$=# ef}lts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
ljb\ofnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ef}lts kIfsf]
7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . ef}lts kIfsf] cefjdf z}lIfs kIfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
;lsb}g . t;y{ ef}lts kIf ;an / ;Ifd agfpg k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|efjsf/L
e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ef}lts kIf ;an / ;Ifd agfpg ljb\ofnosf] z]o/ ;b:o,
cleefjs, ljb\ofnonfO{ dfof ug]{ ;+3 ;+:yf cflb;Fu ldqtf ufF;L sfo{ ug{ ;lsPsf]
v08df ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;fy} ljb\ofno
/x]sf] If]q jl/kl/ a;f]af; ug]{ ;xof]uL, bfgjL/, ;]jfu|fxL efjgfaf6 clek|]l/t
JolQmx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ;Tsf/ ug]{, pxfFx?n] u/]sf] ;xof]unfO{ ljb\ofnodf lznfn]v
agfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s pT;jdf pxfFx?nfO{ ;Ddfg sfo{qmd cufl8
a9fpg] oL cflb lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
x'g] b]lvG5 .
$=$=$ cleefjsx?df lzIff ;DaGwL r]tgf j[l4 u/fpg] pkfox?
|
39
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ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{
pgLx?sf efjL hLjgdf lzIffn] v]Ng ;Sg] dxTjsf] af/]df a'emfpg g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf
ljb\ofyL{x? ljb\ofno hfgaf6 6f9f x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;df cem} cleefjssf] e"ldsf
7"nf]] x'g] ub{5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ 3/ b}nf] cleofg u/L aRrfaRrfL
ljb\ofnodf NofO{ egf{ u/L k7g kf7g ;'? u/] klg pgLx?sf] cleefjs olb ;r]t 5}gg\
eg] ljb\ofnon] lng] lzIf0f z'Ns, k/LIff z'Ns, nfOa]|/L z'Ns, Nofa z'Ns, oL cflb
;dod} gltg]{ ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ pgsf cleefjsx?n] 3/df g} sfd nufO/xg],
k9fO{k|ltsf] dxTjnfO{ ga'lemlbg], k9fO{sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf
gldnfO{ lbg], cfˆgf s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ lgu/fgL g/fVg], aRrfaRrL u[xsfo{ gu/L v]nL
/x]df klg Tolt jf:tf gug]{, cfˆgf aRrfaRrLsf] ljb\ofnon] nufPsf] z'Ns ;dod}
gltg]{ aRrfaRrL ljb\ofno hfg 5f8]df klg jf:tf gug]{ h:tf ;d:ofx? b]vf kg]{
x'bfF oL cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu cleefjssf] r]tgfdf clej[l4 x'g' cfjZos
b]lvG5 . cleefjssf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsof] eg] k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nL cGt{ut ljb\ofyL{ egf{df /x]sf ;d:ofnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=$=% lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?
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40
|
lzIffnfO{
r]tgfsf] dfu{, lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;f]kfg, s'g} klg ljsf;sf] ;zQm dfWod, ;dfh
kl/jt{gsf] jfxs, dfgjLo hgzlQm pTkfbgsf] sf/vfgf P+j ;zlQms/0fsf] ;+jfxs dflgG5
. lzIffn] ubf{ g} dflg;sf] ;f]rfO{df kl/jt{g cfO{ ;+sL0f{tf h:tf Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g x'g], dgf]j[lQdf kl/jt{g x'g], ;fdflhs Gofosf s'/f af/] ;f]Rg] zlQmsf]
ljsf; x'G5 . ;d'bfodf :yfkgf eP s} ljb\ofnosf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs s'/Llt, s'k|yf
cflbnfO{ x6fO{ pGgt j}1flgs ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . oL cflb ;Dk"0f{
s'/fx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ hgzlQm eg]sf] lzIfs, sd{rf/L ju{ ePsf]n] lzIfs sd{rf/L
Joj:yfkgdf ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{n] ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'g hfG5 . ;+:yfdf
xfd|f] dfG5] eGbf /fd|f] dfG5]sf] k|j]zdf k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy ;fy} k|frfo{n] lzIfs,
sd{rf/L;Fu ;+o'Qm a}7s /fvL pgLx?sf s'/fx? ;'Gg] / cfˆgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd
To;nfO{ k"/f ug]{ / olb cfˆgf] IfdtfeGbf dflysf] ;d:of /x]5 eg] ljb\ofno
;~rfns ;ldltdf nuL cfjZos / hfoh dfux? k"/f ug]{ lkm8/sf] slG6Gh]G;L
l;4fGtsf cg';f/ k|frfo{, lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] u'0f:t/n] sfo{
bIftfdf j[l4 x'G5 eg] Joj:yfks / sfdbf/ aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw ePg eg] sfo{ emg hl6n
/ p2]ZoxLg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ljleGg lsl;dsf bIftf clej[l4d"ns KofA;g / Pg
KofA;gn] cfof]hgf ug]{ tflndx?df ;xefuL u/fpg], ;+:yfsf cfDbfgLn] EofP;Dd
cfsif{s tna ;dod} pknAw u/fpg] tkm{ kxn sbd cufl8 a9fpg], k|hftflGqs, v'Nnf
z}nL cjnDag ug]{, lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] k]zf ;w} w/f;foL cj:yfdf /fVg' eGbf To;nfO{
;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/df :yfoLTj k|bfg ub}{ hfg' oL cflb lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg ;lsPsf] v08df lzIfs, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cufl8 ga9L ;xof]uLsf]
?kdf cufl8 a9\g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . h;n] k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .
o;/L ;du|df k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL k|bfg ubf{ cfO{k/]sf
;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, k|zf;lgs ;d:of / ;dfwfg,
ef}lts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, cleefjsx?df lzIff ;DaGwL r]tgfsf] j[l4, lzIfs sd{rf/L
Joj:yfkg cflb kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ ;'wf/
ug{ ;lsg] lgisif{ o; gd'gf cWoogaf6 k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
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41
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k|flKt,
lgisif{ / ;'emfjx?
%=! k|flKt
s'g} klg JolQmn] pklNAwljxLg 9ª\uaf6 cfˆgf
sfo{x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}g\ . zf]w, cg';Gwfg klg lagf pkNAwLsf nflu ul/b}g .
zf]wstf{n] lglZrt pkNAwLsf vflt/ zf]wsfo{nfO{ cufl8
a9fPsf] x'G5 . ToxL s'/fsf] vf]hL ubf{ x'g] kmfObf, nfe pkNAwLnfO{ g} k|flKt
elgG5 . zf]wstf{n] ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL eGg]
zLif{sdf s]lGb|t /x]/ zf]wsfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFbf klg lglZrt vfnsf dxTjk"0f{
k|flKtx? xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . o; cWoogsf] ;Gbe{df ljifosf] k'g/fjnf]sg, cGt/jftf{,
k|ZgfjnL, nlIft lzIfs, ;d"x 5nkmn / cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt ePsf] kfO{G5 .
tYofÍx?sf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt k|flKt ePsf] kfO{G5 M
zf]w cWoogsf qmddf cWoog ul/Psf l;4fGtx?
g]t[Tjsf] dfu{ nIo l;4fGt, g]t[Tjsf] nfIfl0fs / u'0fd"ns l;4fGtsf] k|efj /
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLsf] k|efjsf cfwf/af6 k|jflxt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
zf]w cWoogsf qmddf lnOPsf ;a} ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?n] cfˆgf] ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf k|To]s jif{ lgdf0f{
ug{'ePsf] kfOof] . o;sf] ;fy;fy} ljxfg, lbpF;f], ;GWosfn / zlgaf/ klg k"/}
;do lbP/ ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts, z}lIfs / k|zf;lgs kIfnfO{ Jojl:yt u/]sf] b]lvof] .
o;sf] ;fy;fy} gd"gf cWoog ul/Psf] ljb\ofnodf v]n d}bfg ;a}df k|of{Kt
gePsf] kfOof] . h;af6 ;fgf 7"nf ljb\ofyL{ ;a}n] v]Ng] cj;/ gkfOPsf]
e]§fOof] . k|frfo{af6 ;do ldnfP/ sIff cjnf]sg u/]sf] klg kfOof] . sIff cjnf]sg
kZrft\ lzIfsnfO{ tTsfn} k[i7kf]if0f lbg] u/]sf] klg e]§fOof] eg] z}lIfs
;fdfu|Lsf] lgdf0f{ u/L k|of]udf cln a9L lgu/fgL a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 cyf{t
sIffsf]7fdf z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f u/]sf] Psbd} sd e]§fOof] . sIff
Joj:yfkgleq a;fO{ Joj:yfkg /fd|f] /x]tf klg 7fFpsf] cefjn] ubf{ ljb\ofyL{
sIffsf]7fleq cln ;fF3'/f] u/L a;]sf] cj:yf e]§fOof] . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf
sltko sIffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyL{sf] prfO{nfO{ Wofg} glbO{ ;]tf] kf6L /fv]sf] cj:yf
klg e]§fOof] . k':tsfno / lj1fg tyf sDKo'6/ k|of]uzfnfsf] sltko ljb\ofnodf
;d:of /x]sf] b]lvof] . lgdf{0ffTds d"NofÍgsf] cj:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] kfOof] .
ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo :j?k PsfO{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] / h;af6
k|fKt kl/0ffd pgLx?nfO{ b]vfO{ sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ x6fpg] k|of; u/]sf] e]§fOof] .
k|frfo{n] ljb\ofnonfO{ a9L ;do lbO{ x]g]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . h;sf] sf/0fn]
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL a9L k|efljt /x]sf] e]§fOof] . k|frfo{n] ;/;kmfO{,
vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno cflb kIfdf a9L lgu/fgL /fv]sf] e]§fOof] . h;n] ljb\ofnosf]
OHht a9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] kfOof] . ljb\ofyL{sf] k/LIff lnO;s]kl5 cleefjsnfO{
ljb\ofno d} af]nfP/ ljb\ofyL{sf] skL, l/kf]{6 sf8{ gofF emf]nfdf /fv]/ lbg] rng
/fd|f] b]lvof] . ljb\ofyL{ cg'zf;gdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf g]t[TjbfoL b]lvG5 .
k|frfo{ ljb\ofyL{ d"NofÍg kZrft\ efjL ;'wf/sf k|of;df a9L ;r]tsf ;fy lqmofzLn
ePsf] b]lvof] eg] cleefjsx? ljleGg zLif{sdf lnO{g] z'Nssf sf/0f cfly{s ?kdf a9L
lkl8t b]lvG5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f aRrfaRrLx? k9fO{ 5f8\g] u/]sf] klg e]§fOof] .
k|frfo{ cleefjs;Fu a9L 3'nldn u/]sf] kfOof] . aRrfaRrL;Fu afnd}qL Jojxf/ u/]sf]
e]§fOof] . lzIfs 5gf}6df /fhg}lts k|efj sd b]lvG5 eg] k|frfo{ lgo'lQm lagf
k|lt:kwf{,z]o/ nufgLsf] cfwf/df, ;+:yfkssf] cfwf/df ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
lgo'lQm u/]sf] e]§fOof] . h;sf] sf/0faf6 klg k|frfo{ cln a9L lg/+s'z ePsf]
kfOof] . k|frfo{df ljb\ofnosf] x/]s If]qdf zlQmsf] k|efj a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
To:t} u/L z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|frfo{ a9L nflu k/]sf] b]lvG5
. ljb\ofnon] tf]s]sf] ;dodf clgjfo{ ?kdf cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng / s'g} sf/0faf6
;dod} kf7 l;Wofpg ;lsPg eg] ljxfg a]n'sf u/]/ cyjf zlgaf/ sIff lnP/ eg] klg
tf]lsPsf] kf7 l;Wofpg} kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ o;sf] k/L0ffd ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf]
P;=Pn=;L= glthf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . o;df k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|efj kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} ljb\ofyL{ ;/;kmfO{, ljb\ofnon] tf]s]sf] kf]zfs, skL snd
lnP/ ljb\ofno cfpg] k/Lkf6L, sIffdf lgoldt x'g] cj:yf oL cflb s'/fx?df
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof] . o;nfO{ cg'zfl;t,
dof{lbt, Jojl:yt agfpg k|frfo{ a9L nfuL k/]sf] kfOof] .
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43
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%=@ lgisif{
o; zf]w cWoogaf6 k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwdf lg:s]sf] lgisif{nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|frfo{n] k|efjsf/L z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tj k|bfg
ug{ ;Sof] eg] ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 . ljb\ofnosf]
ldof] eg]sf] g} k|frfo{ xf] . gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf 5gf}6 ePsf ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x?df b]zsf] ljb\odfg kl/l:ylt tyf z}lIfs gLltsf] k|efj k|frfo{sf]
g]t[Tjz}nLdf k/]sf] eP tfklg /fhg}lts x:tIf]kaf6 eg] k|frfo{x? d'St /x]sf 5g\ .
ljb\odfg z}lIfs gLlt, cfly{s cj:yf, ef}lts cj:yf, lzIfs sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg kIfn]
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|frfo{sf] 5gf}6
k|lqmof k|efjsf/L gx'g', k|frfo{x?nfO{ lbOg] tflndx? k|efjsf/L gx'g',
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] lkmtnf] cg'udg,k|frfo{nfO{ a9L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgf x'g' / plrt
d"NofÍgsf] sdL h:tf sf/s tTjx?n] k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{
k|efljt kfb{5 .
ljb\ofnodf x'g] lzIf0f l;sfO{
lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu k|frfo{nfO{ klxnf] ;'k/Lj]If0f agfPsf]klg
b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu ;do ;dodf k|frfo{sf] k]zfut ;Lk / Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu
tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . lzIfsx?nfO{ klg tflnd / k'gtf{huL tflnd lbOg' kb{5
. h;n] lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . ljb\ofno eg]sf
;d'bfosf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ :yflkt ePsf ;+:yfx? x'g\ . To;}n] ljb\ofnosf
;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdaf/] a]nf a]nfdf ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;r]t u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
o; sfo{n] k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL k|efjsf/L aGg uO{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/df ;d]t j[l4
x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} k|frfo{ lzIfs eGbf w]/} cg'ejL, tflnd k|fKt JolQm x'g'k5{ lsg
ls p;df g} ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw lge{/ x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] nflu
k|frfo{nfO{ klg dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 lgoldt ?kdf ;'k/Lj]If0f ul/g'k5{ . k|frfo{sf]
g]t[Tjz}nL ljb\ofnosf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj Ifdtf xf] . z}lIfs
;fdfu|L, k':tsfno, v]ns'b ;fdfu|L, kf7\ok':ts, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ;kmf zf}rfno,
pko'Qm sIffsf]7f ePdf dfq lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . h;sf nflu z]o/
;b:ox?, ;+:yfks JolQmx?n] lrGtg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
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44
|
cWoog If]qdf 5gf}6df k/]sf ljb\ofnosf]
d"NofÍgsf ;fwgsf] ?kdf lnlvt, df}lvs, k|of]ufTds, lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg h:tf
k/LIffsf ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnon] cleefjssf] /f]xj/df
g} k|ult ljj/0f sf8{, pQ/ k'l:tsf dfkm{t ljb\ofyL{sf] glthf ljb\ofyL{ P+j
cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
cWoog If]qdf 5gf}6df k/]sf ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{x? k|lt:k|wf{af6 eGbf klg z]o/ xf]N8/x?af6, ;+:yfks ;b:ox?sf x}l;otaf6
5gf}6df k/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ ljb\ofno ;~rfns ;ldltn] k"0f{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg u/]sf 5g\ . h;af6 pgLx?sf] lqmofsnfk lg/+s'z jf ldrfx k|j[lQ xfjL
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] x]/fO{df lzIfs, sd{rf/Lk|lt ug]{ Jojxf/
k|hftflGqs b]lvb}g . k|frfo{sf] Jojxf/ lg/Ës'z jf ldrfx Jojxf/ 5 . o;nfO{
kl/jt{g u/L k|hftflGqs cfr/0f, Jojxf/ canDag ul/g' kg]{ ;f]rfO{sf] ljsf; ePsf]
kfOof] eg] ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjssf] xsdf k|frfo{ cem} a9L ljb\ofnodf vl6g'kg]{,
sIff cg'udgdf a9L nfuL kg{'kg]{, ljb\ofyL{ cg'zf;gdf a9L hf]8 lbg'kg]{ ;f]rfO{
/x]sf] kfOof] . nufgL stf{ jf z]o/xf]N8/x?sf] ;f]rfO{df k|frfo{ cem} a9L
ljb\ofnodf v6L ljb\ofyL{ cg'zf;g / cleefjs e]63f6nfO{ tLj| kf/L ljb\ofnodf
ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof a9fOg'kg]{ pgLx?sf] ;f]rfO{ /x]sf] kfOof] .
|
45
|
k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?
cGt{ut z]o/ ;b:o / ljb\ofno ;~rfns ;ldltn] k|frfo{nfO{ a9L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
ug{', dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 ljb\ofnosf] d"NofÍg / cg'udgsf] cefj x'g' h:tf
kIfx? b]lvG5g\ . k|frfo{nfO{ a9L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sf/0faf6 k|frfo{n]
lg/Ës'zz}nL, k]nfx k|j[lQ xfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L lzIfs;Fu ;DalGwt
tTjx?n] klg k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:tf
tTjx? cGt{ut lzIfs;Fu k]zfut 1fg ;Lksf] cefj, lzIfsx?;Fusf] ;x;DaGw,
OdfGbfl/tfsf] sdL, k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] cefj, ;dfh;Fu ;dfof]hgsf]
cefj OToflb . To:t} ljb\ofnosf] cfly{s P+j ef}lts kIfx?n] klg k|frfo{sf]
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] kfO{G5 . h:t} M b/aGbLsf] sdL, ef}lts
;'ljwf cGt{ut sIffsf]7f ;fu'F/f] x'g', zf}rfno, k':tsfno, k|of]uzfnf, v]nd}bfg
/ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] cj:yf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t} u/L k|frfo{x?nfO{ klg tflndsf]
Joj:yf u/L sIff cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f, k[i7kf]if0f, ;'emfj / k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]
Ifdtfjfg agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
gd"gf cWoogsf] qmddf k|frfo{sf]
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu k|frfo{n]
k|hftflGqs g]t[Tjz}nL cjnDag ug{'kg]{, k|frfo{ lgo'lQmdf l6s] k|yf cGTo u/L
k|lt:k|wf{af6 k|frfo{ lgo'lQm ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L oL kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf
z}lIfs u'0f:t/nfO{ j[l4 u/L k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efjsf/L
t'Nofpg ;lsg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
%=# ;'emfjx?
;'emfj eGgfn] u|x0f ug{ of]Uo x'gfsf] efj
jf cj:yf pkof]lutf eGg] a'lemG5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nL zLif{ssf] o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo tx, sfof{Gjog
tx / cg';Gwfg txsf nflu lgDg ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=#=! s]Gb|Lo tx
|
46
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k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ r':t, b'?:t, ;an,
;'b[9 P+j k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{ ljefhg, clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg :ki6 ?kdf u/L cufl8 a9\g ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{5
. ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf z]o/ ;b:ox? / ;+:yfkssf] uxg lhDd]jf/L x'bfF x'b} klg k|frfo{
lgo'lQmdf k|lt:kwf{Tds 9+uaf6 ug{ ;lsPdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf k|hftflGqs /
;+:yfsf] z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs, Joj:yfksLo cj:yf cem} dha't x'g] b]lvG5 . k|frfo{sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;do ;dodf lzIff dGqfno jf ljefuaf6 5f]6f] tyf nfdf] cjlwsf]
tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
ljb\ofno lg/LIfs tyf >f]tJolQmx?n] cfjZostfcg';f/ /fo, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj
lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|frfo{ / lzIfssf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ b]zleq tyf aflx/ ;do
;fk]If cWoog e|d0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . z]o/ ;b:o, cleefjs /
ljb\ofno;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] aLr ljb\ofnonfO{ s;/L cuf8L a9fpg
;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf a]nf a]nfdf 5n5kmn, uf]i7L / cGt{lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L
cufl8 a9g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . lzIfsx?sf] k]zfut ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug{sf lglDt klg
;xsf/L tj/af6 g} ;~rosf]ifsf] ;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] jftfj/0f to ug{'k5{ . cWoogsf]
qmddf /x]sf ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf] s]xL jif{sf] k|j]lzsf k/LIffsf] glthfnfO{ cWoog
ubf{ ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]tf klg ljb\ofyL{ d"NofÍg kZrft\ pgLx?sf] pknAwL :t/nfO{
n]vfhf]vf u/L ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfsnfO{ k'/:sf/ jf b08sf] k/Llwleq Nofpg :ki6
gLlt lgod agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] ljb\ofyL{ pknlAw:t/ a9\g uO{ z}lIfs IfltnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ phfu/ ug]{5 . ljb\ofyL{ d"NofÍg, k/LIff
k|0ffnL, 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f lzIfssf] tna eQf, ljb\ofno4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] ljleGg
lsl;dsf z"Nsx?,kf7\ok':ts cflbsf] af/]df ;DalGwt lgsfon] ;do / kl/l:ylt
cg';f/ :ki6 gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L ljb\ofnox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ Ps?ktf Nofpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;fy} ;+:yfut ljb\ofnodf b]lvg] JolQmjfbL ;f]r,lrGtgnfO{ ;DalGwt
lgsfon] gLltut ?kd} cGTo u/L Ps?ktf Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy}
ljb\ofnodf lzIfsx?sf] sfo{ef/ gLltut ?kdf g} lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . lzIfsx?nfO{
cToGt} rfk x'g] u/]/ sfo{ef/ y'kfbf{ klg lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L aGg
;Sb}g .
%=#=@ sfof{Gjog tx
k|frfo{n] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{
lzIff lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs
jftfj/0fnfO{ cem dof{lbt / k"0f{ cg'zfl;t agfpg k|frfo{n] lzIfs,
ljb\ofyL{,ljb\ofno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, z]o/ ;b:o, cleefjs;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/
u/fO{ cem lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . z}lIfs of]hgfsf] lgdf0f{ / k|of]uaf6 dfq
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] k|frfo{n] lgdf0f{ ug]{ of]hgf tyf cGo
lzIfsx?4f/f lgdf{0f ul/g] of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{
b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL ljsf; x'g uO{ lzIf0f
l;sfO{df ;'wf/ cfpg] 5 . lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk ;'wf/ ug{ / lzIf0f l;sfO{nfO{
;xh agfpg k|frfo{nfO{ ul/g] sIff cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f, k[i7kf]if0f, gd"gf
sIff k|bz{g h:tf sfo{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ lbO{ lzIf0f
l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
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47
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48
|
ljb\ofno ;d'bfo xf] ;d'bfosf] ljb\ofnosf] xf] eGg]
efjgfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ ;do ;dodf cleefjs
e]nf,z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] e]nf, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L / ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;d'bfo /
ljb\ofnoaLr ug{sf nflu k|frfo{n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L ;~rfng
ul/g] cGt{lqmof, 5nkmn, ;]ldgf/ tyf uf]i7Laf6 k|fKt ;'emfj / ;NnfxnfO{
k|frfo{n] cfjZostf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . k|frfo{, lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{
;a}sf] lqsf]0ffTds ;xof]ufTds efjgfsf] ljsf; dfkm{t Ps csf{sf] ;d:ofnfO{ a'em]/
;dfwfgsf pkfosf af/]df 5nkmn tyf cGt{lqmof ug]{ ul/Pdf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nLdf ;'wf/ cfpg] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg s'/fsf] lg0f{o ubf{ k|frfo{ PSn}n]
gu/L ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnodf
;~rfng x'g] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt 9+uaf6 lzIfsx?nfO{
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ljb\ofyL{sf] ;lqmotfdf ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|frfo{n]
ljb\ofnosf] nflu cfly{s >f]t h'6fpFbf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;a};Fu ;/;Nnfx ;dGjo u/L
cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 . ljb\ofnosf] jftfj/0f k"0f{ cg'zfl;t agfpg k|frfo{,
lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{, z]o/ ;b:o / cleefjs lg/Gt/ k|oTgzLn /xg'k5{ . ljb\ofyL{x?
ljb\ofno xftfleq / lzIfssf] gh/ cufl8 dfq cg'zfl;t aGg] t/ gh/ k5fl8 clgolGqt
x'g] x'Fbf ljb\ofyL{x?nfO{ x[bob]lv g} cfTd;fy x'g] u/L lzIff lbg cfjZos 5 .
ljb\ofno lg/LIfs tyf >f]t JolQmx?n] ljb\ofnosf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg /
d"NofÍg lg/Gt/ ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsx?sf sIffx? ;do ;dodf cjnf]sg u/L
k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ug{'kb{5 . k|frfo{n] lzIfsx?nfO{ a9L k/LIffd'vL lzIf0f ug{
nufpg], k|Zgkq lgdf0f{ tyf skL hfFRg] sfdsf] af]em yKg] eGbf klg gofF vfnsf]
d"NofÍg k|ljlwx? ckgfpg], sIffsf] sfo{ef/ 36fP/ eP klg lzIfsx?nfO{
ljb\ofyL{sf] x[bo kl/jt{g x'g] lsl;dsf] lzIff lbg] ug{ ;s]sf] v08df /fd|f] x'g]
b]lvG5 . casf] g]t[Tjn] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ x[bob]lv g} cfTd;fy x'g] u/L
;f]xL cg'?k lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . kf7\oqmd d'vL l;sfO{ eGbf klg cjwf/0ffd'vL
l;sfO{df hf]8 lbg'kg]{, ljb\ofyL{n] l;s]sf s'/f ;do ;fGble{s x'g'kg]{,
k/LIff4f/f dfq} geOsg cTofw'lgs d"NofÍg k|ljlw ckgfO{ ljb\ofyL{sf]
d"NofÍg ug{'kg]{ h:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofyL{nfO{ vfFnL
efF8f ;Dem]/ kfgL vGofpg] xf]Og sL pgLx?nfO{ ;'Gb/ km"n ;Dem]/ To;nfO{
km"Ng, kmNg / km}ng lbO{ ;'Gb/ km"naf/L agfpg] tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
x'G5 .
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49
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k|frfo{ cfˆgf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg
cfkm" ljifoj:t'df bIf, cWoogzLn, OdfGbf/, ;xof]uL, ;dfh;Fu ;dfof]hg Ifdtf
ePsf], st{Jolgi7, k|hftflGqs / ;dosf] dfucg';f/ k/Ljt{gzLn x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;/L /fi6«n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] gLlt lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] hfgsf/L lng ;Dalwt
lgsfon] klg ljz]if lgu/fgL, cg'udg /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, KofA;g, Pg KofA;g
ljb\ofnosf nflu :yfgLo txsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] z}lIfs k|zf;lgs OsfO xf] .
k|zf;gnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd agfpg s]Gb|n] :yfgLo txnfO{ cg'udg /
;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] x'gfn] lgoldt ?kdf ljb\ofno lg/LIfs,
>f]tJolQm jf clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmaf6 ljb\ofnosf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg u/fpg'
k5{ . h;af6 k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ yk ;Ifd agfpg] ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy ;fy}
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, KofA;g, Pg KofA;gn] k|zf;lgs cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0f dfq gu/L
lzIf0f l;sfO{df ;'wf/ Nofpg / k|frfo{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ lgoldt ?kn]
z}Ifl0fs ;'k/Lj]If0fdf a9L Wofg s]lGb|t ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
%=#=# cg';Gwfg tx
o; cWoogsf] qmddf ;d]6\g g;lsPsf / casf]
cg';Gwfgn] ;d]6]g' kg]{ kIfnfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ o;k|sf/ JoQm ug{
;lsG5 .
ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/nfO{ :t/Lo
agfpgsf nflu slt / s'g ;dodf kf7\ok':ts, kf7\oqmd, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, lzIfs
lgb]{lzsf cfjZostf kg]{ xf] ;f] sf] af/]df z}lIfs ;q ;'? x'g' eGbf ^ dlxgf
klxnf g} cfjZostf cg';f/ cg';Gwfg u/L tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+:yfut
ljb\ofnodf ljb\ofyL{x? lzIfs, k|frfo{sf] cufl8 c;n aGg] t/ cfFvf 5Ng kfP kl5
pTb08 :jefj b]vfO{ xfNg] k|j[lQ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ casf] cg';Gwfgdf afnssf]
:jefjsf] dgf]j}1flgs cWoog ug{' klg ;fGble{s x'G5 . k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{
;Ifd t'Nofpg k|frfo{nfO{ s] s:tf k]zfut tflndsf] cTofjZostf k5{ . ;f] sf]
af/]df klg cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|fo h;f]
k|frfo{x? ;+:yfks ;b:o jf z]o/ ;b:oaf6 g} rog ul/G5 g ls k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfaf6
o;sf] k5fl8 n's]sf] ;To tYo s'/f s] xf] casf] cg';Gwfgdf cWoogsf] zLif{s agfOg'
pko'Qm x'G5 . jt{dfg kl/k]Iodf ljb\ofyL{x? dfWolds txdf k'u]kl5 lzIfs, k|zf;g /
cleefjs ;a} kIf k|j]lzsf k/LIffd'vL eO{ dfq} ljifoj:t'sf] pRr 1fg lbnfpg]
p2]Zon] ljb\ofyL{nfO{ k7g kf7gdf dfq} hf]8 lbg] t/ p;sf] ;+j]ufTds, efjfgfTds
ljsf; tkm{ Wofg glbg] sf/0fn] ljb\ofyL{x? d'6' gePsf] ckfË cyf{t oGq dfgj h:t}
ag]sf 5g\ . t;y{ casf] cWoogdf dfWolds txdf ljb\ofyL{sf] ;+j]ufTds, efjfgfTds
ljsf;sf] lglDt lzIf0f ljlw zLif{snfO{ cWoog ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 . k|frfo{sf]
Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf cfly{s kIf / To;sf]
kf/bzL{ lsl;daf6 Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df cWoog ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnosf]
k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nLsf] cWoog ubf{ To;sf] ;]jf If]qsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
cj:yfsf] klg cWoog ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj ug]{ JolQmdf
lzIfs,ljb\ofyL{, cleefjs Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dgf]lj1fgsf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{
casf] cg';Gwfgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Jojxf/sf] cWoog ug{' klg ;fGble{s x'G5 . cWoog
cg';Gwfg;Fu ;Da4 lgsfox?n] klg o; zLif{sdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ efjL
cg';Gwfgstf{x?nfO{ yk k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
zdf{, dxf>d -@)^#_ ljb\ofnosf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf,
jt{dfg r'gf}tL /
efjL ;Defjgf,
eQmk'/ M z}lIfs ;"rgf ;Fufnf] @)^%
;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
uf}td, ejgfy -@)^(_, k|wfgfWofkssf]
z}Ifl0fs g]t[Tjz}nL ck|sflzt zf]wkq, cflbslj efg'eQm SofDk;, bdf}nL tgx'F .
clwsf/L, kml0fGb| k|;fb -@)^*_, ljb\ofnosf] z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsf ck|sflzt zfwkq, k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/f sf:sL .
9sfn, ;Ltf s'df/L -@)^(_, ljb\ofnodf z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|wfgfWofkssf]
e"ldsf ck|sflzt zf]wkq
dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;, tfxrn sf7df8f}+ .
sf]O/fnf, ljb\ofgfy / rGb|
axfb'/ >]i7, -@)^&_,df pb[t Sofdj]n -!(^*_, z}lIfs
Joj:yfkg / ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
dfWolds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf
-@)%$_, k|wfgfWofks sfo{ k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}+
M g]kfn
;/sf/,
lzIff dGqfno .
g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfno
-@)%&_, k|fylds ljb\ofno, k|wfgfWofks
tflnd k'l:tsf .
zdf{, s]z' -@)^&_, ljb\ofno
Joj:yfkgdf g]t[Tjsf] k|efj ck|sflzt zf]wkq k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/f sf:sL .
u'/fFufO{, k'0odfof -@)%*_, k|fylds ljb\ofnbosf k|wfgfWofkssf] g]t[Tjz}nL, sL{ltk'/ sf7df8f}+.
9sfn, ;'bz{g -@)^!_, dfWolds
ljb\ofnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO{ ;'wf/df k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsf Ps cWoog ck|sflzt zf]wkq, dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;, tfxrn
sf8df8f}+ .
cg';"rL – Ps
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{x?sf] Joj:yfksLo
g]t[Tjz}nL
5gf]6df k/]sf ;DalGwt ljb\ofno / JolQmx?sf] ljj/0f
|
qm=;=
|
ljb\ofnosf] gfd
|
5gf]6df k/]sf ;DalGwt JolQmx?
|
|
!
|
>L lu|gNof08 Ps]8lds\ jf]l8{Ë :s"n
|
k|frfo{
>L ljdn vqL
lj=Jo=;=
cWoIf >L dx]z vqL
lzIfs
>L clgtf x8\vn]
ljb\ofyL{
>L ldng ;fksf]6f
ljb\ofyL{
>L cflzsf >]i7
|
|
@
|
dgf;n' cf=df=lj=
|
k|frfo{
>L xl/rGb| clwsf/L
lj=Jo=;=
cWoIf >L kbd a= clwsf/L
lzIfs
>L kjg sfsL{
ljb\ofyL{
>L k"hf yfkf
|
|
#
|
lbklzvf jf]l8{Ë :s"n
|
k|frfo{
>L s]jn k|;fO{
lj=Jo=;=
cWoIf >L /fdd0fL lwtfn
lzIfs
>L ;dg s'df/ >]i7
ljb\ofyL{
>L k'hg kl/of/
|
|
$
|
gf]6«]8\ofd p=df=lj=
|
k|frfo{
>L l;i6/ OefGhLnf
lj=Jo=;=
cWoIf >L ljqmd lkof
lzIfs
>L nIdL uf}td
ljb\ofyL{
>L k|]/0ff e§/fO{
|
cg';"rL – b'O{
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
lj=Jo=;= cWoIfsf nflu cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL
lhNnf M tgx'F uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= ldlt M
k|frfo{sf] gfd M z}lIfs
of]Uotf M
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M cg'ej
jif{ M
7]ugf M
!_ k|frfo{x?nfO{
sfo{sf] lhDdf s;/L lbg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@_ k|frfo{x?sf] e"ldsf
s:tf s:tf If]qdf /xg] ub{5g\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
#_ tkfO{ z}Ifl0fs
;'wf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfk|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
$_ tkfO{sf] ljrf/df
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ kIfx? s] s] xf]nfg\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
%_ ljb\ofnosf] g]t[Tj
lng' ePsf k|frfo{nfO{ tkfO{ s'g} ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lbg rfxg'x'G5 ls <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
^_ tkfO{sf] ljrf/df
k|frfo{n] s'g kIfsf] ljsf;df a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ <
s_ ef}lts v_
z}lIfs
&_ k|frfo{ /
lzIfssf] sfo{ d"Nofª\sg s;/L ug{'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
*_ z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L agfpg k|frfo{sf]
e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ ug{ s] s] ug{'knf{ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
(_ k|frfo{sf] pkl:ylt ljb\ofnodf slQsf] lgoldt kfpg'ePsf] 5
<
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!)_
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLsf] sf/0faf6 ljb\ofno / ;d'bfodf s:tf] k|efj k/]sf] cg'ej
ug{'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
æ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfbÆ
cg';"rL – tLg
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] nflu k|ZgfjnL
lhNnf M tgx'F uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= ldlt M
k|frfo{sf] gfd M z}lIfs
of]Uotf M
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M cg'ej
jif{ M
7]ugf M
tnsf k|Zgx?df pko{'Qm
ljrf/ lbO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .
!_ k|frfo{ eO{ g]t[Tj
;dfNg' ePsf] slt jif{ eof] <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@_ k|To]s jif{ ljb\ofnosf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{
ug{' ePsf] 5 <
s_ 5 v_
5}g
#_ ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{ ePkl5
ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts, z}lIfs / k|zf;lgs ;a} kIfnfO{ x]g{'kg]{ x'G5, ;donfO{ s;/L
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ug{' ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
$_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf cfjZos
z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw 5g\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
%_ k|frfo{sf] x}l;otaf6 tkfO{n] lzIfsx?sf] sIff cjnf]sg
ug{' ePsf] 5 <
s_ 5 v_
5}g
^_ tkfO{n] lzIfsx?sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{' ePsf] 5 eg] cjnf]sg
kZrft\ lzIfsnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg' ePsf] 5 <
s_ 5 v_
5}g
&_ jflif{s
Go"gtd\ k9fO{ ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ lbg gk'u]df j}slNks Joj:yf s] ug{' ePsf] 5
<
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
*_ ljleGg cltl/Qm
lqmofsnfkdf lzIfs tyf ljb\ofyL{sf] ;lqmotf s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
(_ lzIfsx?sf] cg'kl:yltdf vfnL x'g cfpg]
lkl/o8x?nfO{ s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ ug{'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!)_ ljb\ofyLx?sf] k/LIff ;DaGwL
glthfnfO{ cleefjsx? ;dIf s;/L hfgsf/L u/fpg] ug{'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!!_ k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL s]
sf/0fn] a9L zlQmzfnL aGg ;S5 <
s_
kf/bzL{tf v_ g}ltstf u_ of]Uotf 3_ lgod sfg'gsf] kfngf
!@_+ tkfO{ k|frfo{ ePkl5
ljb\ofnosf] s'g s'g kIfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!#_ ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{ eO{ sfd u/L
/x]sf] ;dodf tkfO{nfO{ s'g} ;d:of cfOk/]df To;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ nfUg'
x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!$_ ;+:yfut lg0f{o
s;/L lng] ug{' ePsf] 5 <
s_
a}7s a;]/ v_ PSn}
!%_ lzIfs Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{'x'G5
<
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!^_ ljb\ofyL{, lzIfs / cleefjs cGt/lqmof
slt–slt ;dodf ug{'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
æ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfbÆ
cg';"rL – rf/
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
lzIfssf nflu k|ZgfjnL
lhNnf M tgx'F uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= ldlt M
k|frfo{sf] gfd M z}lIfs
of]Uotf M
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M cg'ej
jif{ M
7]ugf M
tnsf
k|Zgx? pko{'Qm ljrf/ lbO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .
!_ tkfO{n]
o; ljb\ofnodf k|lt:kwf{af6 jf JolQmut ;Dks{af6 s;/L k|j]z ug{' eof] <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{af6
tkfO{nfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO{ k|lqmofdf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{ x'G5 ls x'b}g < olb
x'G5 eg] s] s] x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
#_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{
k9fO{k|lt sltsf] nugzLn /x]sf] kfpg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
$_ ljb\ofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/
/fd|f] agfpg k|frfo{n] s] s:tf sfdx? ug{'knf{ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
%_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnosf]
k|frfo{sf] k|efj ;d'bfodf s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
^_ tkfOnfO{ s:tf cj:yfdf
ljb\ofnodf sfd ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] dx;'; x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
&_ Pp6f ljb\ofnosf] c;n
k|frfo{df g]t[Tjz}nL ;DaGwL s] s:tf u'0fx? x'g' cfjZos 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
*_
tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf l;sfO{ jftfj/0f lgdf0f{df k|frfo{sf] e"ldsf s:tf
kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
(_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf k|frfo{n]
;d]6\g g;s]sf s]xL kIf b]Vg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!)_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnosf
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nL k|hftflGqs 5 jf lg/ª\s'z 5 .
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!!_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf z}lIfs:t/
psf:gsf] nflu k|frfo{n] a]nf a]nfdf a}7s /fVg] ug{'x'G5 jf x'b}g\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!@_ ljb\ofnodf /flvg] a}7sdf
tkfO{x?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/G5 jf ul/b}g <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!#_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf sdhf]/
tyf ;d:ofd"ns ljb\ofyL{sf nflu s] Joj:yf 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!$_ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug{sf nflu
k|frfo{af6 s] s:tf pTk|]/0ff hufpg] sfo{ ePsf 5g\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!%_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf
k|frfo{af6 a]nf a]nfdf sIff lg/LIf0f / cjnf]sg x'g] u/]sf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!^_ lg/LIf0f ul/G5 eg] lg/LIf0f
kZrft\ k|frfo{af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx? s] s:tf 5g\ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!&_
lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L agfpg k|frfo{sf] e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ ug{ s]
s]
ug{'knf{ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!*_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf cfOk/]sf
tTsfnLg ;d:ofnfO{ k|frfo{n] s;/L ;dfefg ug{'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!(_ k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLk|lt
cleefjssf] wf/0ff s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@)_ ljb\ofnodf ;~rfng x'g] cltl/Qm
lqmofsnfkx?df k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tj s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@!_ lzIf0f l;sfO{ lqmofsnfknfO{
lnP/ lzIfs, ljb\ofyL{ / cleefjsaLr cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? k|frfo{n]
a]nf a]nfdf ;~rfng ug]{ ug{' ePsf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@@_ ljb\ofnodf zf}rfno, vfg]kfgL,
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg cj:yfdf k|frfo{n] slQsf] dxTj lbg'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@#_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnon] lhNnf
:t/Lo Pj+ ;|f]ts]Gb| :t/Lo sfo{qmdx?df slQsf] ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/]sf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@$_ ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{ / lzIfsaLr
;x;DaGw s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@%_ tkfO{sf] ljb\ofnodf
k|frfo{sf] cg'kl:yltdf ;xfos k|frfo{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
æ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfbÆ
cg';"rL – kfFr
;+:yfut ljb\ofnosf k|frfo{sf] Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjz}nL
ljb\ofyL{sf nflu cGt/jftf{ k|ZgfjnL
ljb\ofyL{sf] gfd M. sIff M /f]]n
g+= M
ljb\ofnosf] gfd M 7]ugf
M lnË M
!_ ltdL slt sIffdf
k9\5f}+ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
@_ ltd|f] gfd s] xf]
<
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
#_ ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf
;~rfng x'g] g]t[Tj ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ltdL efu lnG5f}+ jf
lnb}gf}+ <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
$_ ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf
k|frfo{sf] g]t[Tjz}nLk|lt ltdL slQsf] ;Gt'i6 5f}+ .
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
%_ ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf
ljb\ofyL{ dfem k|frfo{sf] k|efj s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
^_ ltdLnfO{ ltd|f]
ljb\ofnosf] k|frfo{sf] s'g kIf /fd|f] nfU5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
&_ ltd|f]
ljb\ofnodf ePsf d'Vo ;d:ofx? s] s] x'g <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
*_ ltdLnfO{ ltd|f]
ljb\ofnodf s] eOlbof] eg] k7gkf7g /fd|f] / k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] h:tf]
nfU5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
(_ ltd|f] ljbofnodf
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkk|lt k|frfo{sf] slQsf] rf;f] /x]sf] kfpF5f} .
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
!)_ ltd|f] ljb\ofnodf ;dod}
kf7\ok':ts k|fKt gePdf k|frfo{n] To:tf] ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{'x'G5 <
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
æ;xof]usf] nflu wGojfbÆ
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